New perspectives on self-control development: Highlighting the role of intentional inhibition

Schel, Margot A.; Scheres, Anouk; Crone, Eveline A.

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.022

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find an interaction between the negative effects of smoking and low SES on self-regulation, effects that have been reported separately in the literature [17,78,136,137]. SES, as measured by average parental years of schooling, was associated with changes in most of the assessed cool functions (except dual-tasking and fluency), while smoking was related with performance on most hot functions (impulsiveness and delay discounting, but not risk taking).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

A fractionated analysis of hot and cool self-regulation in cigarette smokers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Antonio

Pompéia

2019

PLoS ONE

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Smoking cigarettes and low socioeconomic status (SES) are both related to impaired cognition. However, it is unknown whether people of lower SES, who comprise most tobacco smokers worldwide, are more susceptible to cognitive impairment associated with smoking. In this non-randomized, cross-sectional study we investigated the effects of cigarette smoking, SES and their interaction on dissociable executive or “cool” and “hot” measures of behavioural self-regulation. Participants (n = 80) were selected among young physically and mentally healthy smokers and non-smokers who had graduated high school and were from different SES backgrounds. Cool self-regulation was measured by executive function tasks that tap inhibition, updating, shifting, dual tasking, planning, access to long-term memory (semantic fluency), and working memory capacity. Hot measures assessed self-reported impulsivity, delay discounting and risk taking. Exposure to tobacco (cotinine, exhaled carbon monoxide, tobacco dependence, cigarette consumption) was assessed to determine to what extent it mediated the cognitive effects of smoking. Nicotine abstinence and its acute effects were controlled, as were sex, age, schooling, and psychiatric symptoms despite the fact that smokers and non-smokers were selected as being as similar as possible in these demographic characteristics. Lower SES (less years of parental schooling) was associated with worse performance on tasks that measured all cool domains except dual tasking and fluency, while smoking status was related to impaired delayed discounting and impulsivity (hot domains), effects that were not mediated by tobacco exposure. Smoking and SES, however, did not interact. In short, impaired performance in measures of most cool skills was associated with SES irrespective of smoking status; in contrast, regardless of SES, smokers showed specific impairment in hot self-regulation domains (more difficulty resisting immediate temptations and weighing future consequences of actions). Possible explanations for the lack of mediation of tobacco exposure on hot skills of smokers are discussed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

A fractionated analysis of hot and cool self-regulation in cigarette smokers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Antonio

Pompéia

2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Finally, we performed several analyses to determine whether our results were selective with respect to another critical impulse control measure: response inhibition as assayed using the stop signal reaction time (SSRT) (50). It is known that there are improvements in SSRTs across adolescence (51,52), but also that behavior on this task is dependent on distinct neural pathways [i.e., inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)] from those involved in delay discounting. Consistent with previous findings, we found that SSRT decreased with age (linear: r = 0.55, P < 0.001; asymptotic: r = 0.58, P < 0.001; Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity

Bos

Rodriguez

Schweitzer

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

229

141

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Adolescence is a developmental period associated with an increase in impulsivity. Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, and in this study we focus on one of the underlying components: impatience. Impatience can result from (i) disregard of future outcomes and/or (ii) oversensitivity to immediate rewards, but it is not known which of these evaluative processes underlie developmental changes. To distinguish between these two causes, we investigated developmental changes in the structural and functional connectivity of different frontostriatal tracts. We report that adolescents were more impatient on an intertemporal choice task and reported less future orientation, but not more present hedonism, than young adults. Developmental increases in structural connectivity strength in the right dorsolateral prefrontal tract were related to increased negative functional coupling with the striatum and an age-related decrease in discount rates. Our results suggest that mainly increased control, and the integration of future-oriented thought, drives the reduction in impatience across adolescence.adolescence | connectivity | impatience | delay discounting | DTI

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“…Non-action has long been discussed in the context of response inhibition in go/no-go tasks and stop-signal tasks ( Tremblay and Schultz, 2000 ; Kühn and Brass, 2009 ; Schel et al, 2014 ), and several models assumed that subjects updated the value for non-action on the basis of explicitly given reward or punishment ( Guitart-Masip et al, 2012 ; Collins and Frank, 2014 ; Kato and Morita, 2016 ; Swart et al, 2017 ). The use of a covert reward instead of an overt reward to learn a non-action has not yet been fully discussed in standard reinforcement learning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-action Learning: Saving Action-Associated Cost Serves as a Covert Reward

Tanimoto

Kondo

Morita

et al. 2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“To do or not to do” is a fundamental decision that has to be made in daily life. Behaviors related to multiple “to do” choice tasks have long been explained by reinforcement learning, and “to do or not to do” tasks such as the go/no-go task have also been recently discussed within the framework of reinforcement learning. In this learning framework, alternative actions and/or the non-action to take are determined by evaluating explicitly given (overt) reward and punishment. However, we assume that there are real life cases in which an action/non-action is repeated, even though there is no obvious reward or punishment, because implicitly given outcomes such as saving physical energy and regret (we refer to this as “covert reward”) can affect the decision-making. In the current task, mice chose to pull a lever or not according to two tone cues assigned with different water reward probabilities (70% and 30% in condition 1, and 30% and 10% in condition 2). As the mice learned, the probability that they would choose to pull the lever decreased (<0.25) in trials with a 30% reward probability cue (30% cue) in condition 1, and in trials with a 10% cue in condition 2, but increased (>0.8) in trials with a 70% cue in condition 1 and a 30% cue in condition 2, even though a non-pull was followed by neither an overt reward nor avoidance of overt punishment in any trial. This behavioral tendency was not well explained by a combination of commonly used Q-learning models, which take only the action choice with an overt reward outcome into account. Instead, we found that the non-action preference of the mice was best explained by Q-learning models, which regarded the non-action as the other choice, and updated non-action values with a covert reward. We propose that “doing nothing” can be actively chosen as an alternative to “doing something,” and that a covert reward could serve as a reinforcer of “doing nothing.”

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New perspectives on self-control development: Highlighting the role of intentional inhibition

Cited by 32 publications

References 103 publications

A fractionated analysis of hot and cool self-regulation in cigarette smokers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

A fractionated analysis of hot and cool self-regulation in cigarette smokers from different socioeconomic backgrounds

Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity

Non-action Learning: Saving Action-Associated Cost Serves as a Covert Reward

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