New perspectives in plastic biodegradation

Sivan, Alex

doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.01.013

Cited by 477 publications

(272 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Slow weathering by photodegradation is well known for all kinds of polymers (Sivan 2011), which is the reason that nanocomposites use manufactured nano-particles (nanofillers) to increase the resistance to oxidation (e.g. Grigoriadou et al 2011;Bussière et al 2013).…”

Section: Sources Of Nanoplasticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment. Critical Review

Koelmans

Besseling

Shim

2015

Marine Anthropogenic Litter

401

345

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A growing body of literature reports on the abundance and effects of plastic debris, with an increasing focus on microplastic particles smaller than 5 mm. It has often been suggested that plastic particles in the <100 nm size range as defined earlier for nanomaterials (here referred to as 'nanoplastics'), may be emitted to or formed in the aquatic environment. Nanoplastics is probably the least known area of marine litter but potentially also the most hazardous. This paper provides the first review on sources, effects and hazards of nanoplastics. Detection methods are in an early stage of development and to date no nanoplastics have actually been detected in natural aquatic systems. Various sources of nanoplastics have been suggested such as release from products or nanofragmentation of larger particles. Nanoplastic fate studies for rivers show an important role for sedimentation of heteroaggregates, similar to that for non-polymer nanomaterials. Some prognostic effect studies have been performed but effect thresholds seem higher than nanoplastic concentrations expected in the environment. The high surface area of nanoplastics may imply that toxic chemicals are retained by nanoplastics, possibly increasing overall hazard. Release of non-polymer nanomaterial additives from small product fragments may add to the hazard of nanoplastics. Because

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Section: Sources Of Nanoplasticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoplastics in the Aquatic Environment. Critical Review

Koelmans

Besseling

Shim

2015

Marine Anthropogenic Litter

401

345

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“…De esta manera, son susceptibles a los ataques de los microorganismos. Los polímeros biodegradables pueden ser clasificados en dos tipos: polímeros hidro -biodegradables y polímeros oxo -biodegradables [17].…”

Section: Fundas Biodegradablesunclassified

“…Es decir, su estructura química permite una degradación enzimática y, por lo general, son fabricados a partir de recursos renovables como almidón, celulosa, quitina, entre otras [17]. Por ejemplo, polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA), polihidroxibutirato, polilácticos o polisacáridos [1].…”

Section: Fundas Biodegradablesunclassified

“…Los polímeros oxo -biodegradables poseen compuestos pro -oxidantes o foto -sensibilizadores, por lo que al ser sometidos a luz ultravioleta o calor se produce fotoxidación y termoxidación, respectivamente. Estas oxidaciones ocasionan la degradación en los polímeros sintéticos, reduciendo su masa molar y formando grupos oxigenados que pueden ser metabolizados por los microorganismos [17]. Estos polímeros son formados por poliésteres, tales como policaprolactona, poliéster y copolímeros [1].…”

Section: Fundas Biodegradablesunclassified

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Estudio comparativo de la compostabilidad de fundas plásticas de PEBD, oxo-biodegradables y de papel distribuidas en el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito

Huang

Streitwieser

2015

Av. Cienc. Ing. (Quito)

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In this study the degradation behavior of different types of commercial T -type bags has been investigated. The bags tested according to their commercial description are: LDPE plastic, oxo-biodegradable plastic and paper. The investigation was performed over a period of 32 weeks under real conditions. The composting essays were inoculated with fresh commercial humus and the humidity was controlled over the complete period, while the temperature was kept at the low mesophilic regime at room temperature, without direct contact to sunlight. The determination of the degradation was based on the analyses of total solids and organic total solids, as well as visual observations. The results show that only the paper bags were biodegraded appropriately, leaving no residue after 32 weeks. While neither the LDPE nor the oxo-biodegradable plastic bags show any signs of disintegration or degradation over the entire period. These results were expected for the LDPE bags, but not for the oxo-biodegradable plastics. As conclusion the low biodegradability of these bags is explained by the fact that even if the bags are commercially distributed as biodegradables, they are normal LDPE bags with an oxo -additive. Actually, according to the definition, they cannot be considered as biodegradable, since they can only be degraded by few microorganisms in a very slow rate. The degradation of their chemical structure occur by the action of heat or ultraviolet light. And since non of these conditions were found during this investigation, the bags suffer no disintegration.Keywords. Oxo-degradable plastics, plastic bags, biodegradable bags, paper bags, composting, biodegradation, compostability. ResumenEn esta investigación se estudia la degradación de los diferentes tipos de fundas comerciales tipo -T. Las fundas investigadas conforme a su descripción comercial son: de plásticos PEBD, de plásticos oxo-biodegradables y de papel. La investigación se realizó durante un periodo de 32 semanas bajo condiciones reales. Los ensayos del compostaje fueron inoculados con humus comercial fresco y la humedad se controló durante el periodo completo, mientras que la temperatura se mantuvo en el bajo régimen mesofílico a temperatura ambiente, sin contacto directo a la luz solar. La determinación de la degradación se basó en los análisis de los sólidos totales y sólidos totales orgánicos, como también observaciones visuales. Los resultados muestran que solo las fundas de papel fueron biodegradadas adecuadamente, al no dejar residuos después de 32 semanas. Mientras que ni las fundas plásticas PEBD ni las oxo-biodegradables mostraron señales de desintegración o degradación durante la investigación. Estos resultados fueron esperados de las fundas PEBD, pero no para las fundas oxo-biodegradables. La baja biodegradabilidad de estas fundas se explica por el hecho de que si bien las fundas son distribuidas como biodegradables, son fundas normales de PEBD con un aditivo pro-oxidante. De acuerdo a la definición de biodegradabilidad, estas fundas no pueden se...

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“…The human-made synthetic plastic was first discovered in 1862 by Alexander Parkes at the Great International Exhibition in London. This discovery is a breakthrough process in chemistry as man-made synthetic polymers from petrochemicals, which play a vital role in different aspects of everyday life and serve as an indispensable part of human life and have replaced most materials in modern life [1][2][3]. The last 3−4 decades had tremendous technology development that has catastrophically increased plastic production due to its excellent qualities such as cheapness, light weight, being very stable in harsh condition, and resistance to the microbial decomposition and chemical degradation [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%