“…They also transform them by using quite different kinds of evidentiary argument from those of the past. Foundational areas for big data and data science in education include: formative and situated or classroom assessment (Black & Wiliam, 1998;Pellegrino, Chudowsky, & Glaser, 2001); technology-mediated psychometrics (Chang, 2015;Rupp, Nugent, & Nelson, 2012); self-regulated learning and metacognition (Bielaczyc, Pirolli, & Brown, 1995;Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000;Kay, 2001;Kay, Kleitman, & Azevedo, 2013;Lane, 2012;Magnifico, Olmanson, & Cope, 2013;Shepard, 2008;Winne & Baker, 2013); and analyses of complex performance and holistic disciplinary practice (Greeno, 1998;Mislevy, Steinberg, Breyer, Almond, & Johnson, 2002).…”