New onset unusual Wegener’s granulomatosis associated with COVID-19: a case report

Abstract

Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) or Wegener’s granulomatosis is an autoimmune disorder with a wide spectrum of manifestations that mostly primarily presents with respiratory symptoms such as cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis and leads to a high mortality rate if left untreated. It is a relatively uncommon condition, characterized by necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of small- and medium-sized vessels. Recent studies have shown that hyperactivation of immune cells in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to elevated levels of various autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). There are the same factors that involve in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as GPA. Case presentation While there have been several reported cases of COVID-19 occurring in patients receiving immunosuppressant treatment for GPA, here we report a case of a 72-year-old woman with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who suddenly suffered unilateral vision and hearing loss and peripheral facial palsy on the same side. Chest computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a subpleural consolidation in the inferior lobe of the left lung. Based on the radiology report, chest CT evidence was due to a history of COVID-19 pneumonia. CT scans of the paranasal sinus showed pansinusitis and necrosis of the nasal septum. According to the available evidence, mucormycosis was clinically suspected, and the patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery. Eventually, the histopathological analysis revealed a diagnosis of Wegener’s granulomatosis. Conclusions Since GPA and its complications can be prevented only through strong clinical suspicion and early diagnosis, our presentation of this case aims to increase awareness of autoimmune diseases in COVID-19 patients even after recovery.