New Occurrences of Tonsteins in England and Wales

Salter, D. L.

doi:10.1017/s001675680005007x

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…These tonsteins have a lateral extent rarely exceeding 40 km and some sedimentary material is often present. Tonsteins recorded from England (Eden et al, 1963;Salter, 1964;Barnsley, Clowes & Fowler, 1966;Mayland & Williamson, 1970;Strauss, 1971), if they are volcanic, could also be associated with local basaltic volcanic activity. Alternatively, if of acid composition like the Supra-Wyrley Yard Tonstein, then a wider correlation involving tonsteins from the coalfields of mainland Europe might be possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins

1979

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The volcanic origin of a number of major tonstein horizons has been established from mineralogical compositions and from trace elements that are quantitatively retained during diagenesis. Discriminant function analysis using the variables Ti/Al, Cr/Al, Zr/Al and Ni/Al allows the tonsteins to be classified according to original composition. Two main groups are recognized amongst the British tonsteins. Those formed from acid volcanic ash are comparable in composition with French and German tonsteins and a common source is postulated, whereas tonsteins formed from basic volcanic ash contain variable amounts of detrital sediment and are thought to originate from local eruptions. Possible lateral equivalents between tonstein horizons in Britain and elsewhere in Europe are suggested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins

1979

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“…They are all fine-grained, with small vermicules, and tend to occur as numerous elongated lenticles in a matrix of mudstone containing detrital quartz grains. They resemble the " dichte tonsteins " referred to by Salter (1964). So far they have only been found within coal seams or in their immediate roof or floor, and at least one of them is known to have a strictly limited extent.…”

Section: Group "A" Tonsteinsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Kaolin Tonsteins in the Westphalian of North Staffordshire

Barnsley¹,

Clowes

Fowler³

1966

Geol. Mag.

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The character, horizon, and extent of ten kaolin tonsteins occurring in the Westphalian strata of the North Staffordshire Coalfield are described, and four additional horizons considered worthy of further study, when this is possible, are noted. The value of these kaolin tonsteins in correlation, and the possibility that they may fall into two groups having different origins, is briefly discussed.

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“…Interest in British tonsteins was stimulated by Williamson's review of tonsteins (1961) which coincided with a period of active coalfield exploration. Tonsteins in British coalfields were reported and described by Francis (1961), Francis & Ewing (1962), Eden et al (1963), Salter (1964), Barnsley et al (1966), Wilson et al (1966), Mayland & Williamson (1970), Strauss (1971) and Worssam et al (1971). More geochemically and mineralogically orientated studies were undertaken by Spears (1966Spears ( , 1970Spears ( , 1971, (Price & Duff (1969), Spears & Rice (1973) and Spears & Kanaris-Sotiriou (1979).…”

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confidence: 98%

An update on British Tonsteins

Spears

Lyons

1995

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Tonsteins are thin mudstone beds composed of kaolinite that formed from the alteration of volcanic ash in coal-forming environments. In the Coal Measures of Britain, tonsteins have been recognized as volcanic in origin based on bedform, volcanic textures, field relationships with other volcanics, distinctive volcanic minerals and an igneous geochemistry. The sharp contacts, together with a contrasting composition with adjacent sediments and lateral continuity, are diagnostic of an altered air-fall volcanic ash. Passage into less altered volcanics and into a K-bentonite have both been shown in Britain. A more direct determination of volcanic origin is possible from the identification of volcanic minerals, whole-rock geochemistry and analyses of silicate melt inclusions in volcanic minerals such as/3 quartz. Once a volcanic origin is established the stratigraphic value of a tonstein is enhanced. Immobile trace elements in tonsteins also provide information on the tectono-magmatic setting of the parent volcano. Two tonstein groups are identified in the Coal Measures of Britain, one formed from basic (basaltic) ash of local origin and the other from acid (rhyolite or rhyodacite) ash, probably associated with distant Plinean or ultraplinean eruptions at a destructive plate margin to the south or southeast.

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New Occurrences of Tonsteins in England and Wales

Abstract: Seven occurrences of tonsteins are recorded, five from the South Staffordshire Coalfield (Westphalian C), one from Yorkshire (Westphalian A), and one from South Wales (? Westphalian D).

Cited by 9 publications

References 3 publications

A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins

A geochemical and mineralogical investigation of some British and other European tonsteins

Kaolin Tonsteins in the Westphalian of North Staffordshire

An update on British Tonsteins

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