New nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals in nitrile rubber

Reinforcing styrene butadiene rubber with lignin-novolac epoxy resin networks

“…As shown in Figure 9a, there is an increase in storage modulus (E') after incorporation of F51, which can be attributed to the formation of strong lignin-F51 networks and the networks have a significant restriction on SBR matrix. E' is widely accepted as directly proportional to the degree of elasticity, which correlates well with crosslink density [30], and this is in accordance with our findings below. As shown in Figure 9b.…”

“…As shown in Figure 8, it is found that the modulus decreases dramatically with the increase of strain amplitude for all compounds, and this was because filler networks will be destroyed when the strain reaches a high amplitude, and the Storage modulus (G') of all compounds drops to almost the same low-value. This can be explained by the Payne effect [30]. As shown in Figure 8a, the initial modulus of SBR/50lignin uncured compound is higher than that of those uncured compounds adding F51.…”

The influence of the cellulose hydrolysis process on the structure of cellulose nanocrystals extracted from capim mombaça ( Panicum maximum )

“…Some authors add water directly to the acid solution containing the nanocrystals in order to stop the hydrolysis prior to centrifugation and dialysis (Haafiz et al, 2014;dos Santos et al, 2013;Silvério et al, 2013;Henrique et al, 2013;Flauzino Neto et al, 2012;Rosa et al, 2012;Belbekhouche et al, 2008;Teixeira et al, 2011). Moreover, other authors do not add water directly and just follow steps of centrifugation and dialysis after finalizing the hydrolysis time (Siqueira et al, 2013;Cao et al, 2013;de Menezes et al, 2009;Habibi et al, 2007;Samir et al, 2004). It is known that at high concentrations sulphuric acid acts as a solvent for cellulose hydrolysis (Xiang et al, 2003;Jayme and Lang, 1963).…”

Exploring nanocrystalline cellulose as a green alternative of carbon black in natural rubber/butadiene rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blends

“…Besides, the dispersion of fillers is also the premise of excellent reinforcing effect. It was reported that nanoscale cellulose could reinforce not only polar rubber latex [14,15] but also apolar rubber latex [6]. For apolar matrix, modification of cellulose/matrix interaction would do a great favor to the properties [9,16].…”