New nanobiocomposites of ammonium magnesium phosphate and carrageenan as efficient prebiotics

Abstract

It is known that normal functioning of a human or animal body requires a balanced qualitative and quan titative composition of intestinal microbiocenosis [1,2]. The intestinal microflora forms the systemic and tissue immunity, and participates in the fat and pigment metabolism, digestive enzyme production, and endogenous synthesis of vitamins and substances hav ing bactericidal action on pathogenic organisms [3,4]. A considerable stimulating effect on the generation, growth, and functional activity of the microflora is exerted by food biopolymers (prebiotics), which are not digested or uptaken in the upper gastrointestinal tract of the host organism but are efficiently bioutilized by the colonic microflora.The prebiotic oligo and polysaccharides contain ing β glycosidic bonds that are not cleaved in the upper gastrointestinal tract but are readily hydrolyzed in the intestines by microflora enzymes are most effi cient [5,6]. Currently, the natural polysaccharide κ carrageenan (CG), which has a beneficial effect of detoxification, immune, and metabolic systems of the body, is considered as an efficient prebiotic [7,8].A possible way of enhancing the prebiotic activity of CG is to combine it with complexes of macro and micro nutrient elements, in particular, magnesium ammonium phosphate. It is most convenient to make use of the known ability of polysaccharides to incorpo rate inorganic nanoparticles [9][10][11][12].This communication reports the results of using CG for the synthesis of organomineral nanobiocom posites formed by the double salt magnesium ammo nium phosphate with multielement prebiotic activity (the source of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium readily accessible for microorgan isms).The CG macromolecule used for the synthesis of nanobiocomposites is composed of regularly alter nating 3 O substituted β D galactopyranose (with a sulfo group in the 4 position) and 4 O substituted 3,6 anhydro α D galactopyranose residues (Fig. 1) [13].The water soluble organomineral nanocomposites with a 3-16% content of the inorganic phase were synthesized in an aqueous medium in the presence of CG as a stabilizing matrix for the ammonium magne sium phosphate nanocrystals being formed. It was found that Mg 2+ , , and ions react in the presence of CG to give nanoparticles of the ammo nium magnesium phosphate crystal hydrate such as the mineral struvite NH 4 MgPO 4 ⋅ 6H 2 O. The replace ment of ammonium hydroxide, which is usually employed for the synthesis of struvite [14], by ammo nium chloride results in the nanocomposite being formed in a more physiological pH range (5.3-5.7). The process is described by the following equation: 2MgCl 2 + 4NH 4 Cl + 3Na 2 HPO 4 = NH 4 MgPO 4 ↓ + NH 4 H 2 PO 4 + 6NaCl + 2NH 4 Cl + MgHPO 4 . NH 4 − HPO 2 4 − CHEMISTRY

Prebiotic effect of native noncovalent arabinogalactan—flavonoid conjugates on bifidobacteria

“…[22][23][24] For this purpose,  polysaccharides are usually used in the native form; 22-24 however, they can also be used as components of even more effective multi element prebiotic mineral-poly saccharide composite nanoconstructs. 25 In the past years, prebiotics, particularly in different combinations with probiotics (beneficial microorganisms), are consid ered as a natural and highly efficient alternative to an tibiotics. 26 Arabinogalactan extracted from Siberian larch 27,28 is a promising prebiotic  heteropolysaccharide of plant cell walls, 29 but industrially obtained species of arabinogalac tan contain phenolic impurities.…”

Influence of nanobiocomposites on the exopolysaccharide matrix of Bacillus strains

“…Carrageenan and galactomannan and, to a greater extent, their nanocomposites, stimulate growth and biological activity of lactic acid bacteria, of probiotic strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum UCМ В-5139 and UCM В-5140, and, in addition, exhibit immunomodulatory properties [6,7]. Previously, we showed that the Bacillus strains UCM B-5139 and UCM B-5140 themselves synthesize a number of biologically active substances including polysaccharides, which can be key players that determine their probiotic activity.…”

“…These bacteria are the components of the probiotic "Endosporin" [5]. Bacteria strains were cultivated on synthetic medium [7].…”

“…These compounds were synthesized in the Favorskii Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) and were kindly presented for research. To enhance the prebiotic activity of polysaccharides, the ammonium magnesium phosphate was incorporated into their structure [7]. The final organomineral nanocomposites contained forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and magnesium, which are readily accessible for microorganisms.…”

Nanobiocomposite based on selenium and arabinogalactan: Synthesis, structure, and application

“…Arabinogalactan was chosen as a scaffold for the composite preparation due to the polysaccharide water solubility and biocompatibility allowing its application in nanocomposite biomedical systems [9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”