New mosaic subgenotype of varicella-zoster virus in the USA: VZV detection and genotyping by oligonucleotide-microarray

Sergeev, N. V.; Rubtcova, Elena; Chizikov, Vladimir E.; Schmid, Daniela; Loparev, Vladimir N.

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.03.021

Cited by 43 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…No BglI Ϫ PstI Ϫ isolates were identified in this study, although a double-negative isolate was described in an earlier study from Australia (3). Other putative recombinant genotypes M3 (30) and M4 (15) were not observed in this study.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…For example, analysis based on ORF22 SNPs alone (18,30) indicated that E strains constituted a uniform, single genotype and represented the dominant genotype in temperate climates. In contrast, the use genotyping method 2 (analysis of SNPs in at least four to five amplicons from ORFs 1, 21, 50, 54, and 68) revealed that the E-type strains were subdivided into two distinct genotypes (21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loparev et al (18) performed targeted, multilocus analysis of VZV polymorphisms for a large number of clinical isolates obtained from every populated continent, distinguishing three major genotypes: E (European), J (Japanese), and M (mosaic). The M strains were later subdivided into M1, M2, M3, and M4, which are each considered separate genotypes (16,18,30). Evaluation of the global distribution of VZV strains using sequence variation in a single amplicon from ORF22 sorted VZV isolates from anywhere in the world into four dominant VZV genotypes with a well-defined longitudinal distribution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strains belonging to M1 and M2 genotypes were most common in tropical regions, E strains were most common in temperate longitudes, and J strains were most common in Japan. In separate studies an M3 genotype strain was isolated in the United States (30), and four M4 genotype strains were isolated in Spain and France (8). Complete genomic sequences for these two genotypes are not available; therefore, only E, J, M1, and M2 genotypes will be discussed in our comparison of ORF22 genotyping with other methods (21,33).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Loparev

Rubtcova

Boštíková

et al. 2007

J Virol

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Whole genome phylogenetic analysis in this study resolved a total of five major genotypes among the 22 varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strains or isolates for which complete genomic sequences are available. Consistent with earlier publications we have designated these genotypes European 1 (E1), European 2 (E2), Japanese (J), mosaic 1 (M1), and mosaic 2 (M2). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis performed in a whole-genome alignment revealed that VZV isolates of all five genotypes can be accurately genotyped using SNPs from two amplicons: open reading frame 22 (ORF22) and either ORF21 or ORF50. This modified approach identifies all of the genotypes observed using any of the published genotyping protocols. Of 165 clinical varicella and zoster isolates from Australia and New Zealand typed using this approach, 67 of 127 eastern Australian isolates were E1, 30 were E2, 16 were J, 10 were M1, and 4 were M2; 25 of 38 New Zealand isolates were E1, 8 were E2, and 5 were M1. VZV strain diversity in eastern Australia is thus broader than has been described for any other region, including Europe, Africa, and North America. J strains were far more prevalent than previously observed in countries other than Japan. Two-amplicon typing was in complete accord with genotypes derived using SNP in multiple ORFs (ORFs 1, 21, 22, 38, 50, 54, and 62). Two additional minor genotypes, M3 and M4, could also be resolved using two-amplicon typing.Varicella (chickenpox) results from primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which characteristically occurs early in life and usually follows a benign course (1). A lifelong latent infection is established on first exposure and can reactivate, typically after age 50, to cause zoster (shingles). VZV can be transmitted to susceptible persons from either disease condition, although zoster carries a significantly lower risk of transmission. Transmission from zoster can reintroduce strains that were circulating decades earlier and, as such, likely contributes to the genetic stability of VZV. The epidemiology of VZV infection varies geographically. Varicella displays a marked seasonality (peaking in late winter or spring) in temperate climates, and infection is nearly ubiquitous by age 20. For reasons that remain unclear, seasonality does not occur in tropical countries, and a larger proportion of people enter adulthood uninfected by VZV (14, 15). In addition, several studies have demonstrated a distinctive geographic distribution of the major VZV genotypes aligning with cool versus warm global climates (2,18,28). It is unclear whether the strain distribution is actually driven primarily by climate or by other factors, such as immigration patterns.A number of methods have been reported for identifying and genotyping VZV strains (4,18,21). Early VZV typing efforts relied on DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, an approach that first demonstrated the high degree of sequence conservation among VZV strains. Nevertheless, some intrastrain variation among wild-type i...

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 57%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Loparev

Rubtcova

Boštíková

et al. 2007

J Virol

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“…By analyzing a short region of nucleotides [447 base pairs (bp)] in ORF 22, VZV strains could be divided into genotype E (Europe), genotype isolates J (Japanese) and genotype M (Mosaic) (13). The genotype M strains can be further divided into genotypes of M1, M2, M3 and M4 (13)(14)(15). The R5 variable regions (R5A and R5B) between ORF60 and ORF61 are also used to distinguish the genotypes of VZV strains (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of clinical varicella-zoster virus isolates collected from Yunnan in Southwestern China

Zhu

2015

Biomedical Reports

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Abstract. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the α-herpesvirus family. Genetically, it is stable and is divided into several genotypes based upon the genetic variations. The genotypes of VZV are rarely studied in the Southwestern region of China. In the present study, the common genetic variations in the VZV genes were examined in 42 VZV isolates collected from the patients with herpes zoster in the Yunnan province (Southwestern China). The restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 38, 54 and 62 in the VZV genes showed that all the collected VZV isolates were PstI, BglI and SmaI positive. The R5 variable-repeat region in these isolates was variable (R5A: 46.4%; R5B: 53.6%). The sequencing data of ORFs 1, 21, 22 and 54 indicated that 41 of the 42 collected VZV isolates could be grouped into genotype J or J1. Only one VZV isolate was identified as genotype A1 or M2. No new substitutions in the sequenced fragments were found in the collected VZV isolates. The results of the present study provided a preliminary genetic characterization of the VZV strains in the Yunnan province of Southwestern China.

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Varicella‐Zoster Virus Infections

Arvin

2003

Thomas' Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

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New mosaic subgenotype of varicella-zoster virus in the USA: VZV detection and genotyping by oligonucleotide-microarray

Cited by 43 publications

References 37 publications

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Identification of Five Major and Two Minor Genotypes of Varicella-Zoster Virus Strains: a Practical Two-Amplicon Approach Used To Genotype Clinical Isolates in Australia and New Zealand

Genotyping of clinical varicella-zoster virus isolates collected from Yunnan in Southwestern China

Varicella‐Zoster Virus Infections

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