“…For instance, in Japan, the recessionary conditions of the past decade or so are undermining traditional employment practices and precipitating changes in the system (see Wolf, 2010;Ishida & Sato, 2011;Hirano, 2011), while China, India and Vietnam have witnessed a boom in foreign direct investment since the liberalization of their economies (albeit at different levels, stages, and paces). Additionally, the arrival of foreign firms in these economies has forced local firms, to rationalize their HRM practices to stay competitive (Beresford, 2008;Vo, 2009;Budhwar & Varma, 2011;Nankervis et al, 2013).…”