New methods to study the detrimental effects of poikilotroph microcolonial micromycetes (PMM) on building materials

Dornieden, Thomas; Gorbushina, Anna A.

doi:10.1016/b978-044450517-0/50129-x

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Biofilm formation gives many advantages to the colonizing microbiota as increased accessibility to nutrients, and protection against stress (biocides, UV radiation, drying). EPS of the matrix can produce mechanical stresses on the stone through the pores of the mineral structure (Dornieden and Gorbushina 2000;Guiamet et al 2013). In inducing modifications of the distribution of pores of the stone, these alterations can modify water circulation within the material and its sensitivity to temperature variations (Garty 1990;Warscheid et al 1996).…”

Section: Biodeterioration Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

et al. 2014

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Biodeterioration can be defined as any undesired change of the properties of a material caused by biological activity of living organisms. The biodeterioration of stone materials is related to the production of pigments (aesthetic action), to cell metabolism (biochemical action) and to the mechanical action of the biomass colonizing the material during its growth (physical action). Quantification of the sessile biomass and characterization of microbial communities colonizing stone are essential first steps to ensure the diagnosis of biodeterioration processes and to implement control strategies and appropriate treatment. Different destructive and non-destructive approaches can be used to sample stone specimens from monuments: scraping, swab using, and cutting. Different analytical methods can be used depending on the type of microorganism sought: determination of chlorophyll content and color analysis for pigmented microorganisms; measurement of in situ physiological activity of surface microcolonies by applying fluorogenic substrate analogues or confocal laser scanning microscopy observations after CTC staining for active biomass; scanning or transmission electron microscopy observation for biofilm visualization; enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for the investigation of both microorganisms that can and cannot be cultured; classical microbiological methods, which consist in cultivation of microorganisms on synthetic media; and molecular methods for the study of microbial biodiversity based on the polymorphism of molecular markers using PCR, hybridization, classical or high throughput sequencing. The aim of this review is to present basics of the different biodeterioration mechanisms and to focus on the main techniques that can be used to characterize and quantify the biodeterioration biomass.

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Section: Biodeterioration Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

et al. 2014

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“…It is well known they do not produce organic acids [36,69,70], unlike Hyphomycetes, and for this reason some authors supported the physical penetration of MCF due to mechanical forces and suggested an important role of cell rigidity, melanin, turgor pressure and directional growth [71,72].…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Fungi and Lichens in the Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments

Salvadori¹,

Municchia²

2016

Open Conf. Proceed. J.

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This review elucidates current knowledge on the significant role of fungi and lichens in the biodeterioration of stone monuments. The effect caused by many epilithic lichen species in the deterioration of different types of stone has been extensively investigated and demonstrated. Nonetheless, many aspects of the deterioration mechanisms of microcolonial fungi (MFC) and endolithic lichens are still to be proved. An interesting hypothesis has recently been put forward involving the secretion of siderophores like compounds. Lichens can provide bioprotection for stone surfaces, acting as a barrier against weathering, retaining moisture, increasing waterproofing, reducing thermal stress and erosion, and absorbing pollutants. Nevertheless, the evaluation of biodeterioration vs. bioprotection cannot be generalised, since it can vary according to the behaviour of different species, as well as being affected by both the lithotype and the environment. In addition to the laboratory studies, more field studies of biological communities are required, to analyse their establishment and succession in natural conditions and after conservation treatments. In order to guarantee the best decision for stone conservation, cleaning operations should not be based on a generalised approach, but should rather be based on a careful evaluation of different aspects concerning biodeterioration and bioprotection.

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“…In general, the presence of microorganisms-such as algae, lichen and fungi-indicates higher humidity, which may enhance deterioration processes (Wihr 1986). Biological deterioration of microorganisms can be divided into biophysical and biochemical deterioration processes (Adamo and Violante 2000;Dornieden and Gorbushina 2000;Pinna and Salvadori 2000;Wierzchos and Ascaso 1998). The extent of biological weathering is dependent on qualitative and quantitative distribution of microorganisms and their metabolic products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

et al. 2013

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Severe stone deterioration is evident at the Cologne cathedral. In particular, the ''Drachenfels'' trachyte, which was the building material of the medieval construction period, shows significant structural deterioration as well as massive formation of gypsum crusts. The present article investigates crust formation on limestone, sandstone, and volcanic rock from the Cologne cathedral as well as from the Xanten and Altenberg cathedrals. These three buildings, showing varying degrees of deterioration, are located in different areas and exposed to varying industrial, urban, and rural pollution. Thin laminar and black framboidal crusts form on calcareous as well as silicate stone. The lack of a significant intrinsic calcium and sulfur source for the formation of the gypsum crusts on the Drachenfels trachyte indicates major extrinsic environmental impact: a sufficient offer of SO x from pollutant fluxes as well as external calcium sources (e.g., pollution, mortars, neighboring calcite stones). Chemical analyses reveal strong gypsum enrichment within the crusts as well as higher concentrations of lead and other pollutants (arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, etc.), which generally can be linked to traffic and industry. The formation of weathering crusts in an industrial environment is clearly distinguishable from that in rural areas. Scanning electron microscopy observations confirm that the total amount of pollution is less at the Altenberg cathedral than at the Cologne and Xanten cathedrals. XRF analyses show that the formation of gypsum occurs in lower amounts at Altenberg. This correlates well with the measured SO 2 content and the intensity of the decay at the different locations. Furthermore, the different types of crusts, e.g., framboidal and laminar, can be differentiated and assigned to the different locations. The black weathering crusts on the silicate Drachenfels trachyte contribute to the degradation of the historic building material. They enhance mechanical moisture-related deterioration processes and the decay by chemical corrosion of rock-forming minerals. Although SO 2 concentrations in air have shown a strong decrease over the past 30 years, degradation in connection with weathering crusts is still observed. This indicates that not only contemporary or recent emissions, but also past pollutant concentrations have to be considered.

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New methods to study the detrimental effects of poikilotroph microcolonial micromycetes (PMM) on building materials

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

An overview of techniques for the characterization and quantification of microbial colonization on stone monuments

The Role of Fungi and Lichens in the Biodeterioration of Stone Monuments

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

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