New methods for testing cyclotron carbon stripper foils

Miller, Shawn A.; Jolivet, Connie S.; Stoner, John O.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2008.02.068

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…at varied temperature, T, was also computed from two other literature sources: correlation of Miller et al (2008), which is compatible with table data of Chase (1998). The Miller et al (2008) correlation for such equilibrium pressures, P * in Pa, against temperature, T in K, recalculated in SI units can be presented as…”

Section: Carbon Vapors Over Graphitementioning

confidence: 91%

“…The relationship of Equation (9) is especially useful for a quick comparison with the equilibrium pressure of gaseous carbon resulting from selected reactions of C-H-O reformates. It was also concluded that the three sources (Chase 1998, Miller et al 2008, HSC Chemistry 2014) deliver very similar parameters of equilibrium conditions for carbon gases over solid graphite. In addition, a similarly good agreement in the individual equilibrium pressures for C 1 up to C 5 over graphite was found when data from Chase (1998) and (HSC Chemistry 2014) were compared (not shown here).…”

Section: Carbon Vapors Over Graphitementioning

confidence: 93%

“…The two points for carbon appear at high temperatures, above 4000 K. Therefore, experimental investigations of the carbon equilibrium conditions required applications of special techniques. The published papers refer to either gas-solid (graphite) equilibrium (Marshall and Norton 1950, Clarke and Fox 1969, Lee and Sanborn 1973, Leider et al 1973, Baker 1982, Lee and Choi 1998, Havstad and Ferencz 2002, Joseph et al 2002, Miller et al 2008 or equilibrium for liquid-graphite-diamond (Fried and Howard 2000, Ghiringhelli et al 2005, Savvatimskiy 2005, Wang et al 2005, Ghiringhelli et al 2008, Yang and Li 2008, Umantsev and Akkerman 2010. The liquid-gas phase boundary was given little attention with the exception of Bundy et al (1996).…”

Section: Carbon Phase Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Miller et al (2008) correlation for such equilibrium pressures, P * in Pa, against temperature, T in K, recalculated in SI units can be presented as…”

Section: Carbon Vapors Over Graphitementioning

confidence: 99%

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On thermodynamic equilibrium of carbon deposition from gaseous C-H-O mixtures: updating for nanotubes

Jaworski

Zakrzewska

Pianko‐Oprych

2017

Reviews in Chemical Engineering

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AbstractExtensive literature information on experimental thermodynamic data and theoretical analysis for depositing carbon in various crystallographic forms is examined, and a new three-phase diagram for carbon is proposed. The published methods of quantitative description of gas-solid carbon equilibrium conditions are critically evaluated for filamentous carbon. The standard chemical potential values are accepted only for purified single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT). Series of C-H-O ternary diagrams are constructed with plots of boundary lines for carbon deposition either as graphite or nanotubes. The lines are computed for nine temperature levels from 200°C to 1000°C and for the total pressure of 1 bar and 10 bar. The diagram for graphite and 1 bar fully conforms to that in (Sasaki K, Teraoka Y. Equilibria in fuel cell gases II. The C-H-O ternary diagrams. J Electrochem Soc 2003b, 150: A885–A888). Allowing for CNTs in carbon deposition leads to significant lowering of the critical carbon content in the reformates in temperatures from 500°C upward with maximum shifting up the deposition boundary O/C values by about 17% and 28%, respectively, at 1 and 10 bar.

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Section: Carbon Vapors Over Graphitementioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Carbon Vapors Over Graphitementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Carbon Phase Diagrammentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Miller et al (2008) correlation for such equilibrium pressures, P * in Pa, against temperature, T in K, recalculated in SI units can be presented as…”

Section: Carbon Vapors Over Graphitementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

On thermodynamic equilibrium of carbon deposition from gaseous C-H-O mixtures: updating for nanotubes

Jaworski

Zakrzewska

Pianko‐Oprych

2017

Reviews in Chemical Engineering

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“…The standard state pressure, P 0 , of any pure species is generally assumed to be 1 bar [19]. Since the chemical potential values of both carbon vapors and graphite are well-known, Equation (14) can be presented in the form of a correlation, as per the authors of Reference [20], which in SI units (P* in Pa, T in K) reads:…”

Section: Thermodynamic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Deposition Equilibrium of Carbon Nanotubes or Graphite in the Reforming Processes of Lower Hydrocarbon Fuels

Jaworski

Pianko‐Oprych

2017

Entropy

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Abstract:The modeling of carbon deposition from C-H-O reformates has usually employed thermodynamic data for graphite, but has rarely employed such data for impure filamentous carbon. Therefore, electrochemical data for the literature on the chemical potential of two types of purified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are included in the study. Parameter values determining the thermodynamic equilibrium of the deposition of either graphite or CNTs are computed for dry and wet reformates from natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. The calculation results are presented as the atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) against temperature (200 to 100 • C) for various pressures (1 to 30 bar). Areas of O/C for either carbon deposition or deposition-free are computed, and indicate the critical O/C values below which the deposition can occur. Only three types of deposited carbon were found in the studied equilibrium conditions: Graphite, multi-walled CNTs, and single-walled CNTs in bundles. The temperature regions of the appearance of the thermodynamically stable forms of solid carbon are numerically determined as being independent of pressure and the analyzed reactants. The modeling indicates a significant increase in the critical O/C for the deposition of CNTs against that for graphite. The highest rise in the critical O/C, of up to 290% at 30 bar, was found for the wet reforming process.

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