New Look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed.

Greenwald, Anthony G.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.6.766

Cited by 524 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 140 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…The missing ingredient is now available, as cognitive psychologists have succeeded in producing several varieties of unconscious cognition reliably in the laboratory (see overviews by Greenwald, 1992a;Kihlstrom, 1987), and investigations of implicit social cognition are well underway (see Bornstein & Pittman, 1992;Uleman & Bargh, 1989). The methods of research on implicit memory, in particular, are applicable to the implicit attitude, self-esteem, and stereotype phenomena reviewed in this article.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Greenwald

Banaji

1995

Psychological Review

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Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusionthat attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation-extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures-which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.Long before they became central to other areas of psychological theory, concepts of cognitive mediation dominated the analysis of social behavior. The constructs on which this article focuses achieved early prominence in social psychological theory with formulations that were partly (attitude) or entirely (stereotype) cognitive. By the 1930s, Allport (1935) had declared attitude to be social psychology's "most distinctive and indispensable concept" (p. 798), Thurstone (1931;Thurstone & Chave, 1929) had developed quantitatively sophisticated methods for attitude measurement, and Braly (1933, 1935) had introduced a method that is still in use to investigate stereotypes. Self-esteem, an attitudinal construct to which this article gives separate treatment because of its prominence in recent research, also has a long-established history (e.g., James, 1890; see overview in Wylie, 1974Wylie, , 1979.Through much of the period since the 1930s, most social psychologists have assumed that attitudes, and to a lesser extent stereotypes, operate in a conscious mode. This widespread assumption of conscious operation is most evident in the nearuniversal practice of operationalizing attitudes (including selfesteem) and stereotypes with direct (instructed self-report) measures. The pervasiveness of direct measurement for attitudes and stereotypes was documented by Greenwald (1990) and by Banaji and Greenwald (1994) and is further reviewed below. In contrast, this article describes an indirect, unconscious, or implicit mode of operation for attitudes and stereotypes. 1 Anthony G. Greenwald, Department of Psychology, University of Washington; Mahzarin R. Banaji, Department of Psychology, Yale University.Preparation of this report as well as conduct of some of the research reported in it were supported by National Science Foundation Grants DBC-9205890 and DBC-9120987 and by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH-41328. We thank...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Greenwald

Banaji

1995

Psychological Review

Self Cite

5,067

111

3,616

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“…One shortcoming of this technique, however, was that the activation of maternal rejection did not appear to spread and activate other, presumably close, parentrelated representations. Although we have already discussed several possible reasons for this null result, the unclear processes underlying priming effects in SPA research make it a challenge to interpret such findings at this point (see, e.g., Fudin, 1999Fudin, , 2000Greenwald, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test

Maier

Bernier

Pekrun

et al. 2004

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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Internal working models of attachment (IWMs) are presumed to be largely unconscious representations of childhood attachment experiences. Several instruments have been developed to assess IWMs; some of them are based on self-report and others on narrative interview techniques. This study investigated the capacity of a self-report measure, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987), and of a narrative interview method, the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985), to measure unconscious attachment models. We compared scores on the two attachment instruments to response latencies in an attachment priming task. It was shown that attachment organisation assessed by the AAI correlates with priming effects, whereas the IPPA scales were inversely or not related to priming. The results are interpreted as support for the assumption that the AAI assesses, to a certain degree, unconscious working models of attachment.

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“…Bahrami, Lavie, & Rees, 2007). This sheds further light on the question of how complex stimuli can actually be for subliminal processing (e.g., Greenwald, 1992;Cooper & Cooper, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hidden persuaders break into the tired brain

Bermeitinger¹,

Goelz²,

Johr³

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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There is a long-lasting debate on whether subliminal advertising actually works. In this context there are some studies suggesting that subjects’ motivation is a crucial point. Karremans et al. [Karremans, J. C., Stroebe, W., & Claus, J. (2006). Beyond Vicary’s fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 792–798] showed that subjects were influenced in their intention to drink a specific brand of soft drink by a subliminally presented brand prime, but only if they were thirsty. In the present study, we adapted their paradigm to the concept of ‘concentration’ and embedded the subliminal presentation of a brand logo into a computer game. Actual subsequent consumption of dextrose pills (of the presented or a not presented brand) was measured dependent on the level of participants’ tiredness and the subliminally presented logo. We found the same pattern as Karremans et al. (2006): only tired participants consumed more of the subliminally presented than the not presented brand. Therefore, the findings confirm that subjects are influenced by subliminally presented stimuli if these stimuli are need-related and if subjects are in the matching motivational state

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New Look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed.

Cited by 524 publications

References 140 publications

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test

The hidden persuaders break into the tired brain

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