New insights regarding the Akko 1 shipwreck: a metallurgic and petrographic investigation of the cannonballs

Mentovich, Elad; Schreiber, Detlef; Goren, Yuval; Kahanov, Yaacov; Goren, Haim; Cvikel, Deborah; Ashkenazi, D.

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2010.05.012

Cited by 30 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…et al, 1997; Bedford et al, submitted for publication), ceramics (Terenzi et al, 2010;Papachristodoulou et al, 2010), glass (Kato et al, 2009), bronze (Dungworth, D., 1997), iron (Mentovich et al, 2010) as well as pigment materials (Nuevo et al, 2011;Olivares et al, 2012;Roldan et al, 2010). These analyses include raw pigment materials and pigments which have been applied to objects, rock faces, frescoes and murals as detailed below.…”

Section: Portable X-ray Fluorescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Emigdiano Blues: The California Indigenous Pigment Palette and an In Situ Analysis of an Exotic Colour

2018

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Abstract:The Native inhabitants of South Central California produced rock art containing red, orange, black, white, green and blue colours using a range of mineral and organic materials. Many of these same colours were used on material culture and body painting. This paper focuses on a sub-group of the Chumash, called the Emigdiano, who produced an enigmatic blue colour used in the creation of rock art. Here, we focus on the blue pigment at the rock shelter site of Three Springs in the Wind Wolves Preserve in South Central California. The composition of blue pigments has previously been the focus of discussion with suggestions that they were produced either using European pigments taken from Spanish missions, or that azurite from a local quarry was the source. Previous experimental work had demonstrated that it was possible for the blue to be produced from locally available azurite. Here we present the in situ analyses of these enigmatic blue pigments using handheld X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF). Results from pXRF analysis of rock art, quarried azurite samples and experimental rock art reconstructions showed that the Emigdiano Blue at Three Springs were not azurite based and was composed of optical blue (a mixture of black and white or grey materials which mimic the appearance of blue). This paper discusses the surprising implications of the use, given the availability of a 'true' blue pigment, and the wider ontological importance of combining multiple colours to produce the effect of blue in a rock art panel.

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Section: Portable X-ray Fluorescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Emigdiano Blues: The California Indigenous Pigment Palette and an In Situ Analysis of an Exotic Colour

2018

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“…The 9-pdr cannonball was homogeneous, and included only white cast iron, while the cast iron in the 24-pdr cannonball was heterogeneous, and included white cast iron in the inner part of the cannonball, and gray cast iron in the external shell. A manganese concentration higher than 0.5 wt%, which must have been an addition, was found in both cannonballs, and was interpreted as indicating a post-1839 manufacturing date [41]. The 12-pdr cannonball was made of relatively pure iron containing slag inclusions, typical of forged wrought iron.…”

Section: Test Case Ii: a 12-pdr Cannonball From The Akko 1 Shipwreckmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Three cannonballs, covered with a thick layer of encrustation and concretion, were retrieved from the shipwreck, and were studied using archaeometallurgical methods. The cannonballs were identified as 9-, 12-, and 24-pdr, and theoretically, any or all of them could have hit the ship [33,41].…”

Section: Test Case Ii: a 12-pdr Cannonball From The Akko 1 Shipwreckmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Joining Processes of Metal Objects from Shipwrecks: Three Test Cases

Ashkenazi

Cvikel

Stern

et al. 2014

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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This article presents archaeometallurgical research of three types of metal objects excavated underwater from two shipwrecks in Israel: Tantura F (mid-seventh-end of eighth centuries AD) and Akko 1 (first third of nineteenth century). Both non-destructive and destructive methods were employed. The finds were manufactured by joining processes; therefore, the studies concentrated on metallurgical processes. However, these researches were multidisciplinary, combining typological analyses of the archeological objects, as well as the historical perspective. The first case study is of an iron anchor from the Tantura F shipwreck. This anchor has a typical heterogeneous wrought iron microstructure of ferrite-pearlite-cementite and Widmanstätten plates, manufactured from several blooms made by the direct process. The blooms were joined using forge-welding by an expert blacksmith, resulting in a high-quality iron product. The blooms used in the anchor's circular cross-section shank were forge-welded from iron and steel pieces, producing a composite material with superior mechanical properties. The second case study presents a 12-pdr cannonball from the Akko 1 shipwreck. The cannonball was manufactured from high-quality wrought iron, with a homogenous microstructure of iron matrix and rather large equiaxed a-ferrite grains, produced by an indirect technique, using the hot-forgewelding process. As its production technique pre-dates that of the ship, it is suggested that this cannonball was manufactured in a different place and by a different technology from the other cannonballs found in the shipwreck. It is also possible that the 12-pdr cannonball might have been used as ballast. The third case study deals with brass cases from the Akko 1 shipwreck. The cases were made of brass containing equiaxed a-brass grains with twins, manufactured from rolled sheets that may have originated in Great Britain. The parts were joined by soldering with tin-lead alloy, and it is suggested that the cases were made in an Egyptian workshop.

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“…The broken chain link, however, was strongly attracted to a magnet so that the attraction could be felt. In recent years, much experience and knowledge concerning the dating of metal artifact was acquired [e.g., [11][12][13][14]. Therefore, it was decided to try and further establish the dating of Dor 2002/2 shipwreck using archaeometallurgical characterization of the two metal artifacts.…”

Section: Surviving Ironworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Dor 2002/2 Shipwreck, Israel: Characterization of Surviving Ironwork

Cvikel

Ashkenazi

2015

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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The Dor 2002/2 shipwreck provides evidence of a 15-m-long vessel built to a high standard, and adds essential information to our knowledge of the construction of small vessels that plied the Eastern Mediterranean during the late Ottoman period. During the underwater excavations of the shipwreck, two metal objects were retrieved: a wooden heart (rigging element) with an iron ring-bolt, and a broken iron chain link with a piece of metal cable. This study aims to understand the manufacturing processes of the objects, and to propose their possible dating. The artifacts were studied by archaeometallurgical testing methods, including, HH-XRF, metallographic stereo, light and SEM-EDS microscopy, and microhardness tests. The results revealed that the ring-bolt was made of ferrite phase with preferred oriented slag inclusions microstructure, as typical for indirect smelted wrought-iron. The chain link was made of gray cast-iron. The suggested date of the shipwreck was 1800; however, based on the archaeometallurgical test results, it is suggested that the two iron artifacts were manufactured between the years 1839 and 1856. This research demonstrates the important contribution of the study of metal finds to the dating of shipwrecks.

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New insights regarding the Akko 1 shipwreck: a metallurgic and petrographic investigation of the cannonballs

Cited by 30 publications

References 10 publications

Emigdiano Blues: The California Indigenous Pigment Palette and an In Situ Analysis of an Exotic Colour

Emigdiano Blues: The California Indigenous Pigment Palette and an In Situ Analysis of an Exotic Colour

Archaeometallurgical Investigation of Joining Processes of Metal Objects from Shipwrecks: Three Test Cases

The Dor 2002/2 Shipwreck, Israel: Characterization of Surviving Ironwork

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