New Insights on Intermediary Metabolism for a Better Understanding of Nutrition in Teleosts

Abstract

The rapid development of aquaculture production throughout the world over the past few decades has led to the emergence of new scientific challenges to improve fish nutrition. The diet formulations used for farmed fish have been largely modified in the past few years. However, bottlenecks still exist in being able to suppress totally marine resources (fish meal and fish oil) in diets without negatively affecting growth performance and flesh quality. A better understanding of fish metabolism and its regulation by nutrients is thus mandatory. In this review, we discuss four fields of research that are highly important for improving fish nutrition in the future: ( a) fish genome complexity and subsequent consequences for metabolism, ( b) microRNAs (miRNAs) as new actors in regulation of fish metabolism, ( c) the role of autophagy in regulation of fish metabolism, and ( d) the nutritional programming of metabolism linked to the early life of fish.

Glucose Injection Into Yolk Positively Modulates Intermediary Metabolism and Growth Performance in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…Recently, it has been revealed that early nutritional programming exerts several modulating effects on metabolic processes in juvenile/adult fish, making this a promising approach for fish nutrition (Panserat et al, 2019). Particularly, the effects of nutritional programming on carbohydrate metabolism have been intensively studied in aquaculture fish with a low capacity to efficiently use carbohydrates (Geurden et al, 2007(Geurden et al, , 2014Fang et al, 2014;Rocha et al, 2014Rocha et al, , 2015Rocha et al, , 2016aGong et al, 2015;Liang et al, 2017).…”

“…In order to improve fish nutrition, it is scientifically challenging to not only search for potential alternative feed ingredients and feed supplementation but also perform research into understanding fish metabolism and how it can be modulated. Recently, several hypothesis-driven scientific approaches for fish nutrition have been demonstrated (Panserat et al, 2019). Nutritional programming is an issue that needs to be explored to examine how it modulates metabolism in fish (Geurden et al, 2007;Fang et al, 2014;Rocha et al, 2014Rocha et al, , 2015.…”

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd1a) is epigenetically regulated by broodstock nutrition in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

“…Different studies in fish have revealed how the early environment can have long lasting-effects on the later phenotype and on the ability to adapt to environmental conditions later in life (reviewed by [50]). Such early stimuli refer, among others, to temperature at larval stage [51], cold-shock and air-exposure to embryos and larvae [52], early acute hypoxia at embryo stage, broodstock or fry methionine deficient diets [53], and first feeding with carbohydrates [54], a mix of plant proteins [55] or soya-based diets [56,57].…”

Effects of Dietary Lipid Composition and Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 Expression in Broodstock Gilthead Sea Bream on Lipid Metabolism-Related Genes and Methylation of the fads2 Gene Promoter in Their Offspring

“…In murine models, maternal fat intake alters ARA (22:4n-6) and DHA contents in the liver, which was related to the epigenetic regulation of Fads2 gene promoter and the expression of the gene [34]. In fish, epigenetic studies are considered a relatively new area of research [35]. An earlier study showed that there was a negative correlation between the methylation status of the putative promoter region of the fads2 and fads2 gene expression in Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) [36].…”