New insights into the characterization and provenance of chlorite objects from the Jiroft civilization in Iran

Emami, Mohammadamin; Razani, Mehdi; Soleimani, Nader Alidadi; Madjidzadeh, Youssef

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.004

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The range of stones quarried from various locations over the course of several centuries, and used in production of diverse styles, is so varied that three simple terms could not suffice for analytical classification. On the long discussion in this regard, see Kohl (1975;1976;1979;Kohl et al (1979); Lamberg-Karlovsky (1997); Moorey (1999, 46-51); D. Potts (1978;; T. Potts 1989;1994); more recently Francfort (2020) and Emami et al (2017), in particular on recent efforts at characterizing chloritic rocks extracted and processed in the Halil Rud basin). Steinkeller (1982;), D. Potts (1993 and Postgate (1997) discuss the possible terms for these stones in cuneiform script.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Scavenging as Social Metaphor: A Carved Chlorite Vessel of the Halil Rud Civilization, Kerman, Iran, Mid Third Millenniumbc

Vidale¹,

Eskandari²,

Shafiee³

et al. 2021

CAJ

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A fragmentary large chlorite vessel of the Halil Rud valley civilization (Kerman, Iran, mid third millennium bc), found in unknown circumstances and recently recovered by the police forces of Iran, is discussed in the wider scenario of coeval animal iconographies of middle and southwest Asia. Beginning from the imagery carved in the two superimposed friezes of the reassembled fragments, we review the different theoretical approaches in interpretation of similar animal iconography. The figuration of the vessel is interpreted as a scene of the scavenging of bovine carcasses by three different animal actors: lions and birds of prey/vultures, but also hyenas—a subject previously unknown in the art of the reference regions. Following a review of the interrelations of these species in scavenging and with humans, particularly in the coeval context of domestic animal exploitation and developing urban settlement, we investigate the potential semantic implications of the iconography in terms of the symbolism and ideology in the social context.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Scavenging as Social Metaphor: A Carved Chlorite Vessel of the Halil Rud Civilization, Kerman, Iran, Mid Third Millenniumbc

Vidale¹,

Eskandari²,

Shafiee³

et al. 2021

CAJ

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“…Darre Goodmordane Ashin and Sardare Noe Ashin were the main quarries. The outcrops of Konar Sandal and Tepe Yahya represented a significant stone workshop within the Iranian plateau [84].…”

Section: Ancient History 41 Mesopotamiamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Freire-Lista

2021

Heritage

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Human activity has required, since its origins, stones as raw material for carving, construction and rock art. The study, exploration, use and maintenance of building stones is a global phenomenon that has evolved from the first shelters, manufacture of lithic tools, to the construction of houses, infrastructures and monuments. Druids, philosophers, clergymen, quarrymen, master builders, naturalists, travelers, architects, archaeologists, physicists, chemists, curators, restorers, museologists, engineers and geologists, among other professionals, have worked with stones and they have produced the current knowledge in heritage stones. They are stones that have special significance in human culture. In this way, the connotation of heritage in stones has been acquired over the time. That is, the stones at the time of their historical use were simply stones used for a certain purpose. Therefore, the concept of heritage stone is broad, with cultural, historic, artistic, architectural, and scientific implications. A historical synthesis is presented of the main events that marked the use of stones from prehistory, through ancient history, medieval times, and to the modern period. In addition, the main authors who have written about stones are surveyed from Ancient Roman times to the middle of the twentieth century. Subtle properties of stones have been discovered and exploited by artists and artisans long before rigorous science took notice of them and explained them.

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“…This includes also by making ornaments from semi-precious stones and metallic tools from the different types of ore reservoirs (Tosi 1970;Sajjadi, et al 2003; Vidale and Lazzari 2017; Keykhaei et al 2012). The use and engraving the stones such as chlorites and marbles can also be delighted as the well-known technical and artistic aspects of the settlements in this region (Murgavuro 2008; Boccuti et al 2015;Emami et al 2017). According to all these literature background and archaeological activities Bazman district can de nitely be highlighted as one of the essential districts in Iranshahr city, situated Sistan and Baluchistan province, where represent the beginning and use and trade of metals and alloys (Bakhshandefard et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Electrochemical Methods to Assess the Stability and Investigation of Factors Influencing the Ancient Copper-Arsenic Artefacts from 3rd Millennium BC

Bakhshandehfard,

Pourzaghan,

Emami

2024

Preprint

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The Bazman district constitutes one of the four districts of Iranshahr City in the Sistan and Baluchistan province of Iran. This study examines the conduct of arsenic copper alloys in chloride environments. Electrochemical methods were used to investigate the corrosion rate of 5As alloys and ancient alloys from Spidej Bazman. Tafel plots (LSV) were used to determine corrosion rate, corrosion current density, and CV method for oxidation conditions. Different percentages of the alloy showed different corrosion rates. The behavior of chlorides on the corrosion of these alloys was investigated via soil solution sampling of Spidej Bazman at pH 10.85 with both manufactured and ancient alloys. Four types of corrosion morphology were identified in the arsenic bronze works of this site. These alloys' corrosion mechanism was investigated, and Type (I) corrosion was observed. To test corrosion behavior, the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique was employed. Electrochemical testing using line scan voltammetry demonstrated that the rise in chloride promotion efficiency led to greater migration of the arsenic element from the alloy. Corrosion morphology evident in artefacts unearthed from this site suggests persistent corrosion and bronze disease.

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New insights into the characterization and provenance of chlorite objects from the Jiroft civilization in Iran

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Animal Scavenging as Social Metaphor: A Carved Chlorite Vessel of the Halil Rud Civilization, Kerman, Iran, Mid Third Millenniumbc

Animal Scavenging as Social Metaphor: A Carved Chlorite Vessel of the Halil Rud Civilization, Kerman, Iran, Mid Third Millenniumbc

The Forerunners on Heritage Stones Investigation: Historical Synthesis and Evolution

Application of Electrochemical Methods to Assess the Stability and Investigation of Factors Influencing the Ancient Copper-Arsenic Artefacts from 3rd Millennium BC

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