New Insight on Archaeological Metal Finds, Nails and Lead Sheathings of the Punic Ship from Battle of the Egadi Islands

Armetta, Francesco; Ponterio, Rosina Celeste; Pibiri, Ivana; Saladino, Maria Luisa

doi:10.3390/molecules28041968

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The oxidation of Cu combined with the reduction of sulphate is not thermodynamically favored. Therefore, free Cu + ions are transformed into copper sulphides such as chalcocite (Cu 2 S), djurleite (Cu 1.97 S), and covellite (CuS) by the S created during their growth [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia Coast, Italy), a Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

Susanna²,

Russa

et al. 2023

Minerals

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This study reports the analytical approach towards nine coins found in wreck A of Fontanamare for understanding the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. Optical microscopy (OM) combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM and EDS) were used to analyze the nature and the microstructure of the corrosion patina in comparison with the non-degraded state of coins. Three main types of corrosion patina based on copper, lead chloride, and carbonate were identified: black, white, and green, and the obtained results demonstrate the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. To better understand the role played by different chemical and physical parameters in the corrosion of bronze artefacts in an underwater environment, this study attempts to understand the nature of the patinas on the coins in relation to the specific structural and environmental parameter variation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia Coast, Italy), a Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

Susanna²,

Russa

et al. 2023

Minerals

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“…The trend of the employment of the instrumentation is exponential, with a decrease in 2020 corresponding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Bravo spectrophotometer proved powerful in addressing research problems pertinent to the identification of historical and modern pigments and lakes , minerals and gems [22,29,54], manuscripts [55,56], mosaics [2,57], and metal and metal corrosion products [58][59][60]. The present work aims to create a database using the 852 nm laser excitation wavelength for the most commonly employed art pigments, which can be regarded as the precursor of a larger open-source database of artistic colorants that is expected to be available online in the upcoming years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Pigments and Paint Layers: Raman Spectral Library with 852 nm Excitation Laser

Innocenti,

Quintero Balbas,

Galeotti

et al. 2024

Minerals

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Raman spectroscopy (RS), for its robust analytical capabilities under constant development, is a powerful method for the identification of various materials, in particular pigments in cultural heritage. Characterization of the artist’s palette is of fundamental importance for the correct formulation of restoration intervention as well as for preventive conservation of artworks. Here we examine the number and variability of research studies exploiting Bravo handheld Raman spectrophotometer relying on the excitation of Raman signal with temperature-shifted diode lasers emitting at 852 and 785 nm. To this end, we explore the spectral features of common historical pigments examined as powders and in the paint layer. We show that some materials may exhibit slightly different spectra as concerns especially the relative intensity of Raman lines with 852 nm laser excitation wavelength as compared to the standard 785 nm. The aim is to provide the research community with a reference spectral database that facilitates the identification of unknown pigments using the 852 nm excitation source.

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The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia coast, Italy), A Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

de¹,

Susanna²,

Russa³

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The study reported the analytical approach on nine coins found in the wreck A of Fontanamare for understanding the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions. Optical microscopy (OM), combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM + EDS) were used to analyse the nature and the microstructure of the corrosion patina in comparison with the non-degraded state of coins. Three main type of corrosion patina based on copper, lead chloride and carbonate were identified: white-green, black and the obtained results for understanding the complex corrosion processes that take place in underwater conditions.

show abstract

New Insight on Archaeological Metal Finds, Nails and Lead Sheathings of the Punic Ship from Battle of the Egadi Islands

Cited by 3 publications

References 36 publications

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia Coast, Italy), a Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia Coast, Italy), a Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

Historical Pigments and Paint Layers: Raman Spectral Library with 852 nm Excitation Laser

The Fontanamare Discovery (Sardinia coast, Italy), A Case of Underwater Corrosion of Bronze Coins

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