New insight into the nature and properties of pale green surfaces of outdoor bronze monuments

Robbiola, Luc; Rahmouni, K.; Chiavari, Cristina; Martini, Carla; Prandstraller, Daria; Texier, Annick; Takenouti, H.; Vermaut, P.

doi:10.1007/s00339-008-4468-4

Cited by 47 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…8) showed the presence of cuprite as the main corrosion product (with minor contributions from the mounting resin).Alternated SnO 2 /Cu 2 O layers were also detected by other authors in conventional bronze monuments, after natural exposure to runoff and in archaeological tin bronzes. During exposure to runoff, they were attributed to a patina destabilization due to repetitive pH decreases connected to the rainfall, triggering not only a decuprification process, but also a selective zinc dissolution with a relative enrichment of the external layer in Sn-containing species [53][54][55][56]. In the case of archaeological artefacts, they were mainly ascribed to interdiffusion of metal ions from the alloy and aggressive species from the environment (the so-called Liesegang phenomena) [57][58][59][60].…”

Section: Gilded Bronze After Simulated Outdoor Exposurementioning

confidence: 97%

Atmospheric corrosion of fire-gilded bronze: corrosion and corrosion protection during accelerated ageing tests

et al. 2015

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Fire-gilded bronze (replicating the materials of Lorenzo Ghiberti’s Paradise Door (Baptistery of Florence, 1452)) was aged in runoff/stagnant conditions by accelerated exposure tests in synthetic acid rain. After preliminary electrochemical investigations, a detailed characterization of gilded bronze samples before and after artificial ageing tests followed. Surface and cross-sections analyses were performed by FIB/FEG-SEM, SEM/EDS and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The protective efficiency of a coating based on 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane was also quantitatively assessed by GF-AAS through analysis of metal release, while the aesthetical appearance of coated and uncoated gilded bronze before and after ageing was evaluated by colour measurements

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Section: Gilded Bronze After Simulated Outdoor Exposurementioning

confidence: 97%

Atmospheric corrosion of fire-gilded bronze: corrosion and corrosion protection during accelerated ageing tests

et al. 2015

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“…tin, tin alloys, bronze, amalgams, and pewter artefacts [6,7,8,9]. SnO generally has an anthropogenic origin, commonly being derived from the corrosion of tin artefacts in a marine environment [10].…”

Section: Central European Journal Of Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Study by grazing incident diffraction and surface spectroscopy of amalgams from ancient mirrors

et al. 2009

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Characterization of four amalgam surfaces, with different alteration degrees from Andalusia historical mirrors, has been carried out by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and other spectroscopic techniques (SEM/EDX, XPS, and REELS). The combination of all these techniques allows determining the corrosion state of the amalgams. The results show that the amalgams are composed in all cases of a binary alloy of tin and mercury. As mercury has high vapour pressure at RT, it slowly segregates and eventually evaporates, it leaves finely divided particles of tin that easily can be oxidize, forming tin monoxide (SnO) and tin dioxide (SnO 2 ). In one of the samples, most of the amalgam remains unoxidized, since Hg 0.1 Sn 0.9 and metallic Sn phases are the major components; in two other samples, Hg 0.1 Sn 0.9 and Sn phases are not detected while SnO 2 and SnO phases appear. Finally, in the last studied sample, only SnO 2 phase is detected. The surface analyses of these samples by XPS show that, for most of them an unique chemical species (Sn 4+ ) is found.© Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

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“…Continuing our work in this field and taking into account that the adsorptive behaviour of thiadiazole derivatives depends not only on their chemical/electronic structure, but also on the solution pH , in the present paper, we have examined the anticorrosive properties of the thiadiazole derivatives on naked and patina‐covered bronze in an acidic carbonate/sulphate solution of pH 3, simulating the acidification reached on the metallic surface at the beginning of the rainfalls in much polluted urban environment . For comparison reasons, the inhibiting effect of BTA was also examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last years, the consciousness towards the care of the cultural heritage has been stimulated and the protection of both historical monuments and modern artistic works encouraged. Various investigations have been conducted to understand the corrosion processes, the morphology and mechanism of patinas formation on copper and its alloys [1][2][3][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In order to reduce the degradation of metallic cultural heritage, suitable conservation treatments with protective substances that enable the preservation of the objects and the information they carry-on into the future [17] are often required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thiadiazole derivatives as inhibitors for acidic media corrosion of artificially patinated bronze

Varvara

Bostan

Gaina

et al. 2013

Materials & Corrosion

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Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and SEM‐EDX observations were used to evaluate the inhibiting effect of four thiadiazole derivatives, i.e. 2‐mercapto‐5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (MAT), 2‐mercapto‐5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (MMeT), 2‐mercapto‐5‐acetylamino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (MAcAT) and 2‐mercapto‐5‐phenylamino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole(MPhAT) on the corrosion of naked and artificially patinated bronze surface exposed to an acidic solution (pH 3) that simulates a strongly polluted rainfall. For comparison reasons, the inhibiting effect of benzotriazole (BTA) was also examined. In an attempt to better understand the influence of solution pH on the adsorption of the thiadiazole derivatives and to correlate their structural and electronic characteristics with the experimental inhibition efficiencies, quantum chemical calculations were performed starting with thiadiazole and its protonated derivatives. Finally, a possible inhibition mechanism of the thiadiazole protonated species on bronze corrosion was proposed. It was concluded that MMeT and MAT allow the stabilization of the patina layer, leading to the protection of the bronze substrate and their effectiveness significantly increase with the immersion time.

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New insight into the nature and properties of pale green surfaces of outdoor bronze monuments

Cited by 47 publications

References 17 publications

Atmospheric corrosion of fire-gilded bronze: corrosion and corrosion protection during accelerated ageing tests

Atmospheric corrosion of fire-gilded bronze: corrosion and corrosion protection during accelerated ageing tests

Study by grazing incident diffraction and surface spectroscopy of amalgams from ancient mirrors

Thiadiazole derivatives as inhibitors for acidic media corrosion of artificially patinated bronze

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