New Insight into Adiponectin Role in Obesity and Obesity-Related Diseases

Abstract

Obesity is a major health problem strongly increasing the risk for various severe related complications such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetic retinopathy, and cancer. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces biologically active molecules defined “adipocytokines,” protein hormones with pleiotropic functions involved in the regulation of energy metabolism as well as in appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cell proliferation, and so forth. In obesity, fat accumulation causes dysregulation of adipokine production that strongly contributes to the onset of obesity-related diseases. Several advances have been made in the treatment and prevention of obesity but current medical therapies are often unsuccessful even in compliant patients. Among the adipokines, adiponectin shows protective activity in various processes such as energy metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge regarding the protective properties of adiponectin and its receptors, AdipoRs (“adiponectin system”), on metabolic complications in obesity and obesity-related diseases. Adiponectin, exhibiting antihyperglycemic, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, could have important clinical benefits in terms of development of therapies for the prevention and/or for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases.

Regulation of Serum Lipid Profile, Glucose, Insulin, and Adiponectin in Obese Diabetic Women Under Diet Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Controlled Study

“…However, in contrast with earlier animal and human reports (18, 19), we did not see any significant effect of diet therapy on the HOMA-IR score. Adiponectin is an insulin-sensitizing adipocytokine that paradoxically decreases in obese and diabetic patients (20). Our results showed a significant increase in circulating levels of adiponectin in obese patients under the diet therapy, confirming some earlier reports (18,21,22).…”

Untitled

“…Nigro et al, observed that adiponectin has essential role in therapies for the anticipation and/or for the management of obesity and obesity associated diseases such as antihyperglycemic, antiatherogenic, and antiinflammatory properties. [30] Adiponectin has protective role in cardiovascular health also. In a recent review, it has been summarized that after understanding of role of adiponectin in cardiovascular health, it is useful for determination of and Polyphen (P < 0.0001 ) which is based on the damages or deleterious amino acid substitution for HSL gene receptor and post-receptor signaling process that induces the cardiovascular protective role of adiponectin.…”

Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ

“…In accompany with this, phosphorylation of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), fatty-acid oxidation, glucose uptake and lactate production in myocytes, and phosphorylation of ACC and reduction of molecules involved in gluconeogenesis in the liver were observed, which eventually led to reduction of glucose levels in vivo [41]. Moreover, adiponectin can directly act on inflammatory cells and suppresses reactive oxygen species which in turn stimulates the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and suppresses the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway, and downregulates the key inflammatory cytokine TNF-α [42,43]. Protection against cardiovascular diseases by adiponectin is achieved by its actions on various cell types in cardiovascular system, including endothelial cells, macrophages/monocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells and etc.…”