New indicator for comparing the energy performance of CO 2 utilization concepts

Climate change mitigation potential of carbon capture and utilization in the chemical industry

“…In this case, the electricity could also be used by other GHG mitigation technologies connected to the grid such as electromobility (e-mobility) or heat pumps. From the point of climate change mitigation, limited low-carbon electricity should be used for those technologies that reduce the climate impact the most (5,35). In Fig.…”

“…The presented analysis focuses on the climate change mitigation potential of CCU and neglects CCU services beyond climate change mitigation (35). For example, CO 2 -based fuels could reduce the import dependency of countries that do not produce fossil fuels by enabling a diversification of energy supply, and hence increase energy security.…”

Apples and Apples: A Shortcut Assessment Framework for Early‐Stage Carbon Capture and Utilization Technologies Based on Efficiency, Feasibility, and Risk

“…As a second efficiency indicator, we define energy efficiency, measuring how much of the input energy and energy from reactants is bound in the targeted product(s) or is released. The importance of using energy efficiency as an indicator was highlighted in the literature [ 30,32 ] and used in similar calculations in various studies. [ 26,31,57,58 ] In the calculation (Equation (2)), the sum of HHVs of the targeted product(s) () and output energy () as an absolute value is divided by the sum of HHVs of reactants () and input energy ().…”

“…Shortcut studies compare many alternatives on a low level of detail, in contrast to full‐scope studies that compare a few technology alternatives on a high level of detail. Various indicators are used in scientific, industry, and governmental literature, such as energy efficiency, [ 30 ] energy consumption or demand, [ 31–33 ] relative added value, [ 10,33–35 ] production volume or market potential, [ 10,34–37 ] economic limitations or feasibility, [ 10,36,37 ] substitution of fossil fuels, [ 10,35 ] mass of carbon or CO 2 utilized as a rate or potential, [ 10,31,34,35 ] CO 2 emissions reduction as a rate or potential, [ 33–35,37,38 ] health and safety, [ 10,34 ] cost of CO 2 utilized, [ 34 ] cost of CO 2 avoidance [ 38 ] and technology maturity or availability. [ 10,35,36 ] Related methodological papers propose generic frameworks on how to merge environmental assessment with TEA [ 39,40 ] or propose a detailed list of 140 indicators including data needs.…”

“…[ 14,41,42 ] Overall, a large variety of indicators are used in shortcut TEAs for CCU, which makes comparing these studies such as comparing apples and oranges. [ 8 ] However, current literature either leaves out one of the criteria domains, technical, environmental, or economic, [ 10,30–32 ] or does not specify equations for calculations of indicators or indicator weightings. [ 35–37,39,40 ] The remaining studies did not account for technology maturity.…”