New <i>Primula</i>-type Flavones from Exudates of Selected <i>Dionysia</i> spp. (Primulaceae)

Hinterdobler, Wolfgang; Valant–Vetschera, Karin M.; Brecker, Lothar

doi:10.1177/1934578x1701201103

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Upon reanalysis, we could confirm the presence of flavone in this species. 22 To destroy doubts about the other named sources (Table 2), available analytical data were checked, and the presence of flavone thus confirmed with current data (see section Methodology and Analytics). As flavone is not expected to occur in cell vacuoles of tissues, search for mention of secretory or corresponding structures was conducted, and respective information is included in Table 2.…”

Section: Occurrence Of Flavone In Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Flavone From Plants—Uncommonly Common? A Comprehensive Review

Valant-Vetschera,

Brecker,

Schinnerl

2024

Natural Product Communications

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Flavone is a very simple and unsubstituted flavonoid of restricted distribution in the plant kingdom. Historically it is known for a long time as major constituent of many Primula and Dionysia exudates produced by glandular hairs in unusually large amounts, often as a farinose (mealy) deposit on aerial plant parts. The ecological function of this unique farinose deposit and its main compound flavone is still not really understood. Concerning flavone, a knowledge gap exists about its biosynthetic origin, when compared to all of the flavonoid biosynthetic routes known to date. Thus, this review addresses not only the history of this compound and its occurrence in plants and in their respective compartments, but also discusses ideas on its putative biosynthesis. Furthermore, we provide up-to-date analytical data on this compound from a natural source, rather than from chemosynthesis, in a comprehensive way. Eco-functional aspects complement this study that is intended to be highly stimulating for future research in ecology and evolution.

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Section: Occurrence Of Flavone In Higher Plantsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Flavone From Plants—Uncommonly Common? A Comprehensive Review

Valant-Vetschera,

Brecker,

Schinnerl

2024

Natural Product Communications

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“…Chemical analysis of solvent-rinsed plant organs reveal a growing number of additional substituted flavones, particularly hydroxy-and methoxy-derivatives. The number of different flavone types can be extensive and their presence/absence can vary between closely-related species [7][8][9][10]. Given these flavone assignments represent total surface-extracted flavones that include different tissue/ cell types and the sticky resiniferous trichomes, it is not clear which substituted flavones actually constitute the farina of a given species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopy and chemical analyses reveal flavone-based woolly fibres extrude from micron-sized holes in glandular trichomes of Dionysia tapetodes

Bourdon

Gaynord

Müller³

et al. 2021

BMC Plant Biol

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Background Dionysia tapetodes, a small cushion-forming mountainous evergreen in the Primulaceae, possesses a vast surface-covering of long silky fibres forming the characteristic “woolly” farina. This contrasts with some related Primula which instead form a fine powder. Farina is formed by specialized cellular factories, a type of glandular trichome, but the precise composition of the fibres and how it exits the cell is poorly understood. Here, using a combination of cell biology (electron and light microscopy) and analytical chemical techniques, we present the principal chemical components of the wool and its mechanism of exit from the glandular trichome. Results We show the woolly farina consists of micron-diameter fibres formed from a mixture of flavone and substituted flavone derivatives. This contrasts with the powdery farina, consisting almost entirely of flavone. The woolly farina in D. tapetodes is extruded through specific sites at the surface of the trichome’s glandular head cell, characterised by a small complete gap in the plasma membrane, cell wall and cuticle and forming a tight seal between the fibre and hole. The data is consistent with formation and thread elongation occurring from within the cell. Conclusions Our results suggest the composition of the D. tapetodes farina dictates its formation as wool rather than powder, consistent with a model of thread integrity relying on intermolecular H-bonding. Glandular trichomes produce multiple wool fibres by concentrating and maintaining their extrusion at specific sites at the cell cortex of the head cell. As the wool is extensive across the plant, there may be associated selection pressures attributed to living at high altitudes.

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“…Chemical analysis of solvent-rinsed plant organs reveal a growing number of additional substituted flavones, particularly hydroxy-and methoxy-derivatives. The number of different flavone types can be extensive and their presence/absence can vary between closely-related species (Valant-Vetschera et al 2009Bhutia et al 2013;Hinterdobler et al 2017). Given these flavone assignments represent total surface-extracted flavones that include different tissue/cell types, it is not clear which substituted flavones actually constitute the farina of a given species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of flavone-based wooly fibres by glandular trichomes ofDionysia tapetodes

Bourdon

Gaynord²,

Müller

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Dionysia tapetodes, a small cushion-forming mountainous evergreen in the Primulaceae, possesses a vast surface-covering of long silky fibres forming the characteristic “wooly” farina. This contrasts with some related Primula which instead possess a powdery farina. Using a combination of cell biology and analytical chemical techniques, we provide a detailed insight of wooly farina formation by glandular trichomes that produce a mixture of flavone and substituted flavone derivatives, including hydroxyflavones. Conversely, our analysis show that the powdery form consist almost entirely of flavone. The wooly farina in D. tapetodes is extruded through specific sites at the surface of the glandular head cell, characterised by a small complete gap in the plasma membrane, cell wall and cuticle. The data is consistent with formation and thread elongation occurring from within the cell. The putative mechanism of wool thread formation and its stability is discussed.

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New Primula-type Flavones from Exudates of Selected Dionysia spp. (Primulaceae)

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Flavone From Plants—Uncommonly Common? A Comprehensive Review

Flavone From Plants—Uncommonly Common? A Comprehensive Review

Microscopy and chemical analyses reveal flavone-based woolly fibres extrude from micron-sized holes in glandular trichomes of Dionysia tapetodes

Formation of flavone-based wooly fibres by glandular trichomes ofDionysia tapetodes

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