New Genomic Techniques (NGT) in animals and their agri/food/feed products

Van Eenennaam, Alison L.

doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.en-8311

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 214 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…A Joint Research Centre (JRC) study which amongst others investigated potential market applications of GM animals developed with NGTs, also identified applications for increased biotic stress tolerance and improved meat yield as the focal fields for development (Parisi und Rodríguez-Cerezo 2021). A recent publication by EFSA reports similar findings with an additional focus on reproductive traits ( van Eenennaam, 2023 ). By far the highest number of publications was identified for enhanced muscle growth, with developments in many different species, ranging from ruminants and pigs to chicken, quail, rabbits and even horses ( Figure 5 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…Reviews of the scientific literature however revealed far more applications, i.e. 47 of GM fish in this HS and 56 of genome edited fish in the EFSA scientific report on NGT animals ( van Eenennaam, 2023 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Although not directly comparable, as we did not conduct a full text analysis, these proportions are comparable to literature searches conducted specifically on genome edited plants ( Modrzejewski et al, 2019 ; Menz et al, 2020 ). In a recent scientific report conducted on NGTs in animals, only about 10% of the articles identified in the literature search was considered relevant ( van Eenennaam, 2023 ). We found the majority of relevant articles to be reviews or specific articles which use the term ‘genetically modified’ or any of its synonyms ( Supplementary Table S1 ) in the abstract or the indexing of articles, even though the respective article did not specifically report on concrete developments of GMOs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horizon scanning of potential environmental applications of terrestrial animals, fish, algae and microorganisms produced by genetic modification, including the use of new genomic techniques

Miklau,

Burn,

Eckerstorfer

et al. 2024

Front. Genome Ed.

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With scientific progress and the development of new genomic techniques (NGTs), the spectrum of organisms modified for various purposes is rapidly expanding and includes a wide range of taxonomic groups. An improved understanding of which newly developed products may be introduced into the market and released into the environment in the near and more distant future is of particular interest for policymakers, regulatory authorities, and risk assessors. To address this information need, we conducted a horizon scanning (HS) of potential environmental applications in four groups of organisms: terrestrial animals (excluding insects and applications with gene drives), fish, algae and microorganisms. We applied a formal scoping review methodology comprising a structured search of the scientific literature followed by eligibility screening, complemented by a survey of grey literature, and regulatory websites and databases. In all four groups of organisms we identified a broad range of potential applications in stages of basic as well as advanced research, and a limited number of applications which are on, or ready to be placed on, the market. Research on GM animals including fish is focused on farmed animals and primarily targets traits which increase performance, influence reproduction, or convey resistance against diseases. GM algae identified in the HS were all unicellular, with more than half of the articles concerning biofuel production. GM algae applications for use in the environment include biocontrol and bioremediation, which are also the main applications identified for GM microorganisms. From a risk assessor’s perspective these potential applications entail a multitude of possible pathways to harm. The current limited level of experience and limited amount of available scientific information could constitute a significant challenge in the near future, for which risk assessors and competent authorities urgently need to prepare.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Horizon scanning of potential environmental applications of terrestrial animals, fish, algae and microorganisms produced by genetic modification, including the use of new genomic techniques

Miklau,

Burn,

Eckerstorfer

et al. 2024

Front. Genome Ed.

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Global regulatory policies for animal biotechnology: overview, opportunities and challenges

Wray-Cahen,

Hallerman,

Tizard

2024

Front. Genome Ed.

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Genome editing (GnEd) has the potential to provide many benefits to animal agriculture, offering a means for achieving rapid growth, disease resistance, and novel phenotypes. The technology has the potential to be useful for rapidly incorporating traits into existing selectively bred animals without the need for crossbreeding and backcrossing. Yet only four products from animals created via biotechnology, all growth-enhanced fishes, have reached commercialization and only on a limited scale. The past failure of genetically engineered (or GM) products to reach conventional producers can largely be attributed to the high cost of meeting GMO regulatory requirements. We review the history of GMO regulations internationally, noting the influence of Codex Alimentarius on the development of many existing regulatory frameworks. We highlight new regulatory approaches for GnEd organisms, first developed by Argentina, and the adoption of similar approaches by other countries. Such new regulatory approaches allow GnEd organisms that could have been developed by conventional means to be regulated under the same rules as conventional organisms and in the future is likely to enhance the opportunity for biotech animals to enter production. Treating certain GnEd products as conventional has had a large impact on the variety of biotechnological innovations successfully navigating regulatory processes. We suggest that for the full potential of GnEd technologies to be realized, enabling public policies are needed to facilitate use of GnEd as a breeding tool to incorporate new traits within existing animal breeding programs, rather than only a tool to create distinct new products.

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New Genomic Techniques (NGT) in animals and their agri/food/feed products

Cited by 2 publications

References 214 publications

Horizon scanning of potential environmental applications of terrestrial animals, fish, algae and microorganisms produced by genetic modification, including the use of new genomic techniques

Horizon scanning of potential environmental applications of terrestrial animals, fish, algae and microorganisms produced by genetic modification, including the use of new genomic techniques

Global regulatory policies for animal biotechnology: overview, opportunities and challenges

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