New-generation osteoplastic materials based on biological and synthetic matrices

Abstract

Objectives. The purpose of this analytical review is to evaluate the market for osteoplastic materials and surgical implants, as well as study the features of new-generation materials and the results of clinical applications.Methods. This review summarizes the volumes of research articles presented in the electronic database PubMed and eLIBRARY. A total of 129 scientific articles related to biological systems, calcium phosphate, polymer, and biocomposite matrices as carriers of pharmaceutical substances, primary recombinant protein osteoinductors, antibiotics, and biologically active chemical reagents were analyzed and summarized. The search depth was 10 years.Results. Demineralized bone matrix constitutes 26% of all types of osteoplastic matrices used globally in surgical osteology, which includes neurosurgery, traumatology and orthopedics, dentistry, and maxillofacial and pediatric surgery. Among the matrices, polymer and biocomposite matrices are outstanding. Special attention is paid to the possibility of immobilizing osteogenic factors and target pharmaceutical substances on the scaffold material to achieve controlled and prolonged release at the site of surgical implantation. Polymeric and biocomposite materials can retard the release of pharmaceutical substances at the implantation site, promoting a decrease in the toxicity and an improvement in the therapeutic effect. The use of composite scaffolds of different compositions in vivo results in high osteogenesis, promotes the initialization of biomineralization, and enables the tuning of the degradation rate of the material.Conclusions. Osteoplastic materials of various compositions in combination with drugs showed accelerated regeneration and mineralization of bone tissue in vivo, excluding systemic side reactions. Furthermore, although some materials have already been registered as commercial drugs, a plethora of unresolved problems remain. Due to the limited clinical studies of materials for use on humans, there is still an insufficient understanding of the toxicity of materials, time of their resorption, speed of drug delivery, and the possible long-term adverse effects of using implants of different compositions.

A Two-Mediator System Based on a Nanocomposite of Redox-Active Polymer Poly(thionine) and SWCNT as an Effective Electron Carrier for Eukaryotic Microorganisms in Biosensor Analyzers

“…Nanomaterials are used to increase the surface area, improve the polymer conductivity, and improve its adhesion to the electrode [ 14 ]. Applying to biosensor analysis, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and other nanomaterials increase the electrocatalytic process rate [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Gel Based on Hydroxyethyl Starch with Immobilized Amikacin for Coating of Bone Matrices in Experimental Osteomyelitis Treatment

“…1 Various grafts are utilized for bone regeneration, including autografts (obtained from the patient's body), 2 allografts (from the same species), 3,4 xenomaterials (from different species), 5 alloplasts (synthetic materials), and combinations thereof. 6 Although autografts are considered the "gold standard" in bone grafting, their limited quantity and unpredictable quality of material, postoperative discomfort, pain, and high risk of complications are major drawbacks. Allografts, on the other hand, have an unlimited donor material and the possibility of obtaining a transplant of any shape and size, but the potential risk of transmission of bacterial and viral infections remains a major disadvantage.…”

“…Each year, over 2 million surgeries are performed to replace bone tissue lost due to injuries or diseases . Various grafts are utilized for bone regeneration, including autografts (obtained from the patient’s body), allografts (from the same species), , xenomaterials (from different species), alloplasts (synthetic materials), and combinations thereof . Although autografts are considered the “gold standard” in bone grafting, their limited quantity and unpredictable quality of material, postoperative discomfort, pain, and high risk of complications are major drawbacks.…”