New-generation iron–titanium flow batteries with low cost and ultrahigh stability for stationary energy storage

Qiao, Lin; Fang, Maolin; Liu, Shumin; Zhang, Huamin; Ma, Xiangkun

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2022.134588

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In addition to the aforementioned all-vanadium, zinc-halogen, zinc-cerium, 157,[458][459][460][461][462][463][464][465][466][467] and chromium-iron RFBs, several other combinations of inorganic redox couples have been seriously considered for use in redox flow batteries: polysulfide-polybromide, [468][469][470][471][472][473][474][475] polysulfidepolyiodide, [476][477][478][479][480][481] hydrogen-bromine, 3,10-13,482-500 zinc-iron, 501 titaniummanganese [502][503][504][505][506] and some other low cost combinations of metal-ion couples, 168,[507][508][509] but did not demonstrate substantial advantages over all-vanadium chemistry for the stationary energy storage markets, mostly because of problems with corrosion and with side reactions.…”

Section: What Is Ahead For Rfbs?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Flow Batteries from 1879 to 2022 and Beyond

Tolmachev

2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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We present a quantitative bibliometric study of flow battery technology from the first zinc-bromine cells in the 1870s to megawatt vanadium redox flow battery (RFB) installations in the 2020s. We emphasize that the cost advantage of RFBs in multi-hour charge-discharge cycles is compromised by the inferior energy efficiency of these systems, and that there are limits on the efficiency improvement due to internal cross-over and the cost of power (at low current densities) and due to acceptable pressure drop (at high current densities). Differences between lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries are discussed from the end-user perspective.

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Section: What Is Ahead For Rfbs?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review—Flow Batteries from 1879 to 2022 and Beyond

Tolmachev

2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…In the context of RFBs requiring high reversibility of the Ti 4+ /Ti 3+ redox couple, addition of (unfortunately unstable) organic compounds with oxygencontaining functional groups, such as acetylacetone, can partially suppress the hydrolysis reaction owing to the affinity between TiO 2+ and oxygen-containing functional groups (Wang et al, 1984). HCl concentrations up to 6 M have been found to mitigate the precipitation of TiO 2 (Qiao et al, 2022). However, it enhances H + concentration in the electrolyte and accelerates another undesired side reaction, namely the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thereby decreasing the RFB efficiency.…”

Section: The Hcl Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the presence of H 2 SO 4 , the interaction between H 2 O and Ti 4+ ions are diminished, thereby inhibiting the formation of Ti(OH) 2 2+ and improving the stability of the electrolyte. Such as second generation Ti-Fe RFB with bismuth (Bi) catalyst at the positive electrode and a carbon felt at the negative electrode exhibited a diffusion coefficient of 19.18×10 -8 cm 2 s −1 for Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ and 0.36×10 -8 cm 2 s −1 for Ti 4+ /Ti 3+ (Qiao et al, 2022) with a rate constant of 3.828×10 -4 cm s −1 for Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ and 0.203×10 -4 cms −1 for Ti 4+ /Ti 3+ respectively (Qiao et al, 2022). It suggests that both the diffusion coefficient and rate constant for Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ is higher than Ti 4+ /Ti 3+ with the reactions of Ti redox couple being rate limited.…”

Section: Performance Of Ti Rfbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This system showed 80% discharge capacity after 1000 cycles (30 min per cycle) with a low-capacity decay of 0.193 Ah. cycle −1 (Qiao et al, 2022).…”

Section: Performance Of Ti Rfbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CEMs like Nafion ® 212, sulfonated poly (ether ketone) (SPEEK) have been used in Ti-Fe RFB. Non-fluorinated SPEEK is predominantly used as it reduces the cost for energy production from $165.79/kWh (Nafion ® 212) to $88.22/kWh (SPEEK) (Qiao et al, 2022). Ti-Mn RFB: Ti-Mn RFBs was first developed by Dong et al, (2012) where a relatively high OCP of 1.41 V was obtained (as compared to 0.67 V for Ti-Fe RFBs) resulting in superior power density (Dong et al, 2015;Kaku et al, 2016).…”

Section: Performance Of Ti Rfbsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aqueous titanium redox flow batteries—State-of-the-art and future potential

2022

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Market-driven deployment of inexpensive (but intermittent) renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, in the electric power grid necessitates grid-stabilization through energy storage systems Redox flow batteries (RFBs), with their rated power and energy decoupled (resulting in a sub-linear scaling of cost), are an inexpensive solution for the efficient electrochemical storage of large amounts of electrical energy. Titanium-based RFBs, first developed by NASA in the 1970s, are an interesting albeit less examined chemistry and are the focus of the present review. Ti, constituting 0.6% of the Earth’s crust and an ingredient in inexpensive white paints, is amongst the few elements (V and Mn being some others) which exhibit multiple soluble oxidation states in aqueous electrolytes. Further, the very high (approaching 10 M) solubility of Ti in low pH solutions suggests the possibility of developing exceptionally high energy density aqueous Redox Flow Batteries systems. With these advantages in mind, we present the state-of the-art in Ti-RFBs with a focus on Ti/Mn, Ti/Fe and Ti/Ce couples and systems that use Ti as an additive (such as Ti/V/Mn). The inherent advantages of inexpensive Ti actives and relatively high energy density is contrasted with potential side-reactions resulting in reduced energy efficiency. Technological pathways are presented with a view to overcoming critical bottlenecks and a vision is presented for the future development of Ti-RFBs.

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Strategies for Improving Solubility of Redox‐Active Organic Species in Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: A Review

Wang

Gautam

Jiang

2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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Redox flow batteries (RFB) have emerged as one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage owing to their high safety, long operation life, and decoupled design of energy and power. However, the problems of high cost and low energy density restrict their further development. The cost merit and tunable structure of organic redox-active materials have prompted the development of organic RFBs. The solubility of the redoxmer is recognized as a parameter that contributes directly to the energy density. Herein, we focus on strategies for enhancing the solubility of organic redoxmers in aqueous RFBs. The effects of incorporating different hydrophilic functional groups on the solubility of the redoxmer and its effect on the performance of other batteries are systematically and exhaustively described. Other strategies, such as molecular symmetry tuning and employing more soluble counterions and cosolvents, are also summarized. The development trends and prospects for organic RFBs are also discussed.

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New-generation iron–titanium flow batteries with low cost and ultrahigh stability for stationary energy storage

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Review—Flow Batteries from 1879 to 2022 and Beyond

Review—Flow Batteries from 1879 to 2022 and Beyond

Aqueous titanium redox flow batteries—State-of-the-art and future potential

Strategies for Improving Solubility of Redox‐Active Organic Species in Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: A Review

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