been long periods, both ancient and modern, when diamond treatments were conducted in the relative open, and their practitioners were regarded by some as experts and even artists. Gem treatments, it must be recognized, are neither good nor bad in themselves-fraud comes about only when their presence is concealed, whether by intent or by negligence. This fact places a specific responsibility for full treatment disclosure on all those handling gem materials, and most especially on those selling diamonds, given their long and enduring value. That responsibility is one of knowing and understanding what happens as a result of treatment, having the expertise to recognize treated stones when they are encountered, and knowing when suspect stones should be examined by properly equipped gem-testing laboratories. This article is not intended to be a complete review of the history of diamond treatments, as such