New Facile Method to Measure Cyanide in Blood

Blackledge, William; Blackledge, Charles W.; Griesel, Alexa; Mahon, Sari B.; Brenner, Matthew; Pilz, Renate B.; Boss, Gerry R.

doi:10.1021/ac100519z

Cited by 59 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[32] All chemicals used throughout this study were of analytical reagent grade. Deionized (Millipore) or triple distilled water was used to prepare all solutions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Diaquacobinamide in Aqueous Solution

et al. 2014

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We conducted a detailed kinetic study of the reaction of the vitamin B12 analog diaquacobinamide ((H2O)2Cbi(III)) with hydrogen sulfide in water from pH 3 to 11. The reaction proceeds in three steps: (i) formation of three different complexes between cobinamide and hydrogen sulfide, viz. (HO−)(HS−)Cbi(III), (H2O)(HS−)Cbi(III), and (HS−)2Cbi(III); (ii) inner-sphere electron transfer (ISET) in the two complexes with one coordinated HS− to form the reduced cobinamide complex [(H)S]Cbi(II); and (iii) addition of a second molecule of hydrogen sulfide to the reduced cobinamide. ISET does not proceed in the (HS−)2Cbi(III) complex. The final products of the reaction between cobinamide and hydrogen sulfide were found to be independent of pH, with the main product being a complex of cobinamide(II) with the anion-radical SSH2−.

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“…[32] All chemicals used throughout this study were of analytical reagent grade. Deionized (Millipore) or triple distilled water was used to prepare all solutions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Diaquacobinamide in Aqueous Solution

et al. 2014

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“…The trichloroacetic acid denatures the hemoglobin and releases hydrogen cyanide gas, which was trapped in the cobinamide solution. The resulting dicyanocobinamide is measured spectrophotometrically as described previously [28]. Cyanide concentrations were determined from standard curves using freshly prepared KCN dissolved in 1 mM NaOH.…”

Section: Measurement Of Red Blood Cell (Rbc) Cyanide Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Glycine and Sodium Thiosulfate for Lethal Cyanide Ingestion

Brenner¹,

Azer²,

Oh³

et al. 2017

J Clinic Toxicol

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Objective: Accidental or intentional cyanide ingestion is an-ever present danger. Rapidly acting, safe, inexpensive oral cyanide antidotes are needed that can neutralize large gastrointestinal cyanide reservoirs. Since humans cannot be exposed to cyanide experimentally, we studied oral cyanide poisoning in rabbits, testing oral sodium thiosulfate with and without gastric alkalization. Setting: University research laboratory.Subjects: New Zealand white rabbits.Interventions: Seven animal groups studied; Groups 1-5 received high dose oral NaCN (50 mg, >LD100) and were treated immediately with oral (via nasogastric tube): 1) saline, 2) glycine, 3) sodium thiosulfate or 4) sodium thiosulfate and glycine, or 5) after 2 min with intramuscular injection of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate plus oral sodium thiosulfate and glycine. Groups 6-7 received moderate dose oral NaCN (25 mg, LD70) and delayed intramuscular 6) saline or 7) sodium nitrite-sodium thiosulfate. Measurements and Main Results:All animals in the high dose NaCN group receiving oral saline or glycine died very rapidly, with a trend towards delayed death in glycine-treated animals; saline versus glycine-treated animals died at 10.3+3.9 and 14.6+5.9 min, respectively (p=0.13). In contrast, all sodium thiosulfate-treated high dose cyanide animals survived (p<0.01), with more rapid recovery in animals receiving both thiosulfate and glycine, compared to thiosulfate alone (p<0.03). Delayed intramuscular treatment alone in the moderate cyanide dose animals increased survival over control animals from 30% to 71%. Delayed treatment in high dose cyanide animals was not as effective as immediate treatment, but did increase survival time and rescued 29% of animals (p<0.01 versus cyanide alone). Conclusions:Oral sodium thiosulfate with gastric alkalization rescued animals from lethal doses of ingested cyanide. The combination of oral glycine and sodium thiosulfate may have potential for treating high dose acute cyanide ingestion and merits further investigation. The combination of systemic and oral therapy may provide further options.

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“…The trichloroacetic acid denatures the hemoglobin and releases HCN gas, which is trapped in the cobinamide solution. The resulting dicyanocobinamide is measured spectrophotometrically as described previously [36]. The cyanide concentration was determined from a standard curve using freshly prepared KCN dissolved in 1 mM NaOH.…”

Section: Measurement Of Red Blood Cell Cyanide Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Vitamin B12 Analog Cobinamide Is an Effective Antidote for Oral Cyanide Poisoning

et al. 2016

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Introduction Cyanide is a major chemical threat, and cyanide ingestion carries a higher risk for a supra-lethal dose exposure compared to inhalation but provides an opportunity for effective treatment due to a longer treatment window and a gastrointestinal cyanide reservoir that could be neutralized prior to systemic absorption. We hypothesized that orally administered cobinamide may function as a high-binding affinity scavenger and that gastric alkalinization would reduce cyanide absorption and concurrently increase cobinamide binding, further enhancing antidote effectiveness. Methods Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into five groups and were given a lethal dose of oral cyanide poisoning (50 mg). The survival time of animals was monitored with oral cyanide alone, oral cyanide with gastric alkalinization with oral sodium bicarbonate buffer (500 mg), and in combination with either aquohydroxocobinamide or dinitrocobinamide (250 mM). Red blood cell cyanide concentration, plasma cobinamide, and thiocyanate concentrations were measured from blood samples.Results In cyanide ingested animals, oral sodium bicarbonate alone significantly prolonged survival time to 20.3 ± 8.6 min compared to 10.5 ± 4.3 min in saline-treated controls, but did not lead to overall survival. Aquohydroxocobinamide and dinitrocobinamide increased survival time to 64 ± 41 (p < 0.05) and 75 ± 16.4 min (p < 0.001), respectively. Compared to aquohydroxocobinamide, dinitrocobinamide showed greater systemic absorption and reduced blood pressure. Dinitrocobinamide also markedly increased the red blood cell cyanide concentration. Under all conditions, the plasma thiocyanate concentration gradually increased with time. Conclusion This study demonstrates a promising new approach to treat high-dose cyanide ingestion, with gastric alkalinization alone and in combination with oral cobinamide for treating a supra-lethal dose of orally administered cyanide in rabbits.

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New Facile Method to Measure Cyanide in Blood

Cited by 59 publications

References 27 publications

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Diaquacobinamide in Aqueous Solution

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Hydrogen Sulfide with Diaquacobinamide in Aqueous Solution

Oral Glycine and Sodium Thiosulfate for Lethal Cyanide Ingestion

The Vitamin B12 Analog Cobinamide Is an Effective Antidote for Oral Cyanide Poisoning

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