New evolutionary lineages, unexpected diversity, and host specificity in the parabasalid genus Tetratrichomonas

Čepička, Ivan; Hampl, Vladimı́r; Kulda, Jaroslav; Flegr, Jaroslav

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.005

Cited by 53 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The unrooted trees constructed in this study (Fig. 2) confirmed the unexpected diversity in the genus Tetratrichomonas, as previously suggested (2,3,9), and the identification of at least 16 lineages that could probably represent separate, mostly new, species. Interestingly, the SSU rRNA sequence of strain LP did not show any close relationship with any of the previously identified Tetratrichomonas lineages.…”

Section: Case Reportsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Several Tetratrichomonas strains were isolated from the oral cavities and bronchi of patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. SSU rRNA sequences obtained from these different strains were highly similar and clustered together in the same lineage 15 that includes the avian species T. gallinarum (2,3). In the present study, we have identified a Tetratrichomonas species that differs from the other Tetratrichomonas strains previously characterized in humans and likely represents a new lineage and species.…”

Section: Case Reportsupporting

confidence: 55%

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Molecular Characterization of a New Tetratrichomonas Species in a Patient with Empyema

et al. 2009

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A new Tetratrichomonas species was identified by molecular and phylogenetic approaches in the pleural fluid from a patient with encysted empyema leading to dyspnea. This observation raised the questions of the real prevalence of pulmonary trichomonosis in humans, the zoonotic potential of trichomonads, and the existence of human-host-adapted strains. CASE REPORTA 40-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency unit with a bacterial infection and a history of fever, fatigue, vomiting, and respiratory distress for 2 weeks before admission. On physical examination, the patient was irritable with dyspnea. Her vital signs were as follows: temperature, 39.2°C; blood pressure, 168/81 mm Hg; heart rate, 110 beats/min; respiration, 30 breaths/min. A chest X-ray followed by a computed tomography scan revealed encysted empyema of the right lung with a large pleural effusion (Fig. 1A). Foul-smelling and purulent pleural fluid was removed from the right chest cavity by thoracentesis. Examination of the pleural fluid showed numerous motile and flagellated protozoa, which were provisionally identified as trichomonads by their morphological characteristics, including form, size, and motility. These flagellates were not cultured, and their identification was confirmed by microscopic examination of May-Grünwald-Giemsa-and Merthiolateiodine-Formalin (MIF)-stained smears (Fig. 1B). Moreover, this pleural fluid was used for subsequent molecular characterization of these protozoa. Bacteriological cultures of the fluid yielded gram-positive cocci. On day 2, a chest tube was inserted for drainage of the right pleura and fibrinolytic therapy with urokinase, and mechanical ventilation was instituted. Pleural fluid was drained and was positive for Streptococcus constellatus and Streptococcus gordonii, both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, and the anaerobic bacterium Prevotella sp. in addition to the trichomonad species mentioned above. Antibiotherapy with amoxicillin (amoxicilline) was continued, and treatment with metronidazole (Flagyl) was started. On day 10, the patient suffered from diarrhea with the emergence of Clostridium difficile. Hence, the use of metronidazole was delayed and the patient was treated with vancomycin per os in addition to amoxicillin. On day 18, a follow-up chest computed tomography scan showed partial clearing of the pleural effusion. Consequently, the patient did not require further surgical cleaning of the pleural cavity. On day 24, the patient was successfully weaned from the ventilator, and by day 26, her general health condition had improved and she presented neither fever nor dyspnea.In order to identify the trichomonad species involved in this case report, DNA was extracted from pleural fluid using the High Pure PCR template preparation kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. In a first step, the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region was amplified as described previously (6, 12). PCR was carried out with a 50-l volume according to the st...

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Section: Case Reportsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Case Reportsupporting

confidence: 55%

Molecular Characterization of a New Tetratrichomonas Species in a Patient with Empyema

et al. 2009

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“…The genus Tetratrichomonas can be recognized because it has four anterior flagella, a long posterior flagellum with a free distal end, and a typically discoidal parabasal body, i.e., the Golgi complex with adjacent striated fibrils (17,18), that can parasitize birds, reptiles, and livestock. On the other hand, ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 is a good marker for genetic diversity research (19,20).…”

Section: Case Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Tetratrichomonas Species in Two Patients with Pleural Empyema

et al. 2013

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Two unusual occurrences of pleural trichomonosis due to a new Tetratrichomonas species previously reported but not named were confirmed. In one patient, Trichomonas tenax and a Tetratrichomonas species were also detected in the oral cavity by molecular methods. We suggest that this new Tetratrichomonas species be named Tetratrichomonas empyemagena. CASE REPORTSC ase 1 is that of a 54-year-old male from Mexico City with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes who was admitted to the hospital with a history of 1 week of malaise, poor food intake, chills, and fever after developing right thoracic pain, dyspnea, and fatigue; he denied any history of choking or trauma in recent days. Dullness on percussion and decreased breathing sounds were noted over his right chest. His blood pressure was 120/50 mmHg, his heart rate was 120 beats/min, his respiratory rate was 30 breaths/min, his white blood cell count was 45,000/mm 3 , his platelet count was 565,000/mm 3 , his glucose level was 503 mg/dl, his albumin level was 1.6 g/dl, and his arterial HCO 3 level was 5.6 meq/liter. An initial chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan showed a right pleural effusion that was drained (700 ml), and the pleural fluid was sent for microbiological analysis. Its macroscopic appearance was that of a brownish purulent fluid. Microscopic examination revealed Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative bacilli, as well as numerous motile and flagellated protozoa that were initially identified as trichomonads because of their morphological characteristics (form, size, and motility). These flagellates were not cultured, and their identification was confirmed by microscopic examination of an empyema fluid smear. Samples were mixed with whole blood at 1:3, spread onto glass slides, air dried, methanol fixed, and stained with Giemsa stain (Fig. 1A and B). Some aliquots of empyema fluid were stored at Ϫ20°C for molecular analysis. Bacteriological cultures of the fluid were performed for aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, yielding Staphylococcus auricularis, but no bacilli were identified until after PCR sequencing of an empyema fluid sample. A Prevotella species was demonstrated by using universal primers for the 16S rRNA gene (1). Antibiotic therapy with metronidazole and piperacillin-tazobactam was administered.Case 2 is that of a 33-year-old man from Mexico City with a history of smoking and alcohol consumption who was admitted to the hospital with a 2-week nonproductive cough and chills, dyspnea, and left pleural chest pain. His blood pressure was 70/40 mmHg, his heart rate was 150 beats/min, and his respiratory rate was 40 breaths/min. During subsequent days, fever and diaphoresis were added to the clinical course, as well as worsening of dyspnea until he developed acute respiratory failure and septic shock. Thorax auscultation revealed bilateral crackles and diminished breath sounds on the left side; he was placed on mechanical ventilation. A chest X-ray and a thorax CT scan showed a right pneumothorax and left pleural effusion. He underwent bilater...

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“…Using SEM, the number of flagella was determined; thus, it suggested that the isolated trichomonad was a member of the genus Tetratrichomonas. Tetratrichomonas commonly have four anterior flagella, a posterior (or recurrent) flagellum that is free at its distal end, and a discoid Golgi apparatus (Cepicka et al 2006). The isolated trichomonad exhibited all these characteristics.…”

Section: Structural Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural study of a tetratrichomonad isolated from pig fecal samples

2008

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Trichomonads found in pigs include the commensal Tritrichomonas suis (more well known because of its synonymy to Tritrichomonas foetus, a trichomonad parasite of cattle and other animals) and Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, which appear similar to Tritrichomonas suis under the light microscope. A trichomonad isolated from pig fecal samples was subjected to scanning and transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural study. The organism's ultrastructure revealed features commonly found in trichomonads; however, features such as the number and length of flagella, type of undulating membrane, general body form, and shape and location of organelles such as the nucleus, Golgi complex, and hydrogenosomes indicated that the isolated trichomonad is not Tritrichomonas suis nor Tritrichomonas foetus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) corroborated these results. Moreover, the ultrastructure was similar to the ultrastructure of previously described tetratrichomonads. It is especially suggested that the isolate is T. buttreyi. These findings could be of significance in the differentiation among different porcine trichomonads in diagnostic procedures. In addition, this is the first known detailed ultrastructural study of T. buttreyi isolated from pigs; thus, this can serve as an aid for future comparison between porcine and bovine T. buttreyi.

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New evolutionary lineages, unexpected diversity, and host specificity in the parabasalid genus Tetratrichomonas

Cited by 53 publications

References 35 publications

Molecular Characterization of a New Tetratrichomonas Species in a Patient with Empyema

Molecular Characterization of a New Tetratrichomonas Species in a Patient with Empyema

New Tetratrichomonas Species in Two Patients with Pleural Empyema

Ultrastructural study of a tetratrichomonad isolated from pig fecal samples

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