“…Several decades later, the CAPM is still widely used in applications, such as estimating the cost of equity capital for firms and evaluating the performance of investment, often the only asset pricing model taught in MBA-level investment courses [27]. The model explains the linear relationship between the systematic risk coefficient, beta, and expected stock returns (Wang et al, 2017;Anjum and Rajput, 2021;and Taussig, 2022) [28][29][30]. The basic concept of the CAPM is a metric that explains expected excess return, beta risk, and the market risk premium by calculating the difference between an asset's return and the risk-free rate (Anuno, Madaleno, and Vieira, 2023) [31].…”