“…These higher-level cognitive processes require a voluntary, sustained form of attention, as well as interactions with other cognitive processes, such as working memory and long-term memory. Animals exhibiting such higher-level behaviors include blue jays, crows, parrots, macaque monkeys, and chimpanzees, as they show signs of tool manipulation or rudimentary language abilities (Griffin & Speck, 2004). Having a self-awareness, however, seems to be a more complex attribute of voluntary attention than mere sustained attention.…”