New estimates of water footprint for animal products in fifteen countries of the Middle East and North Africa (2010–2016)

Mourad, Roya; Jaafar, Hadi; Daghir, N. J.

doi:10.1016/j.wri.2019.100113

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Examples of studies at the national level calculated the water footprint of EU, China, Korea, and Australia, respectively (Vanham and Bidoglio, 2013, Yoo et al, 2015, Ge et al, 2016, Nouri et al, 2019 [21][22][23][24]. Examples of studies at the agricultural product level measured the water footprint of melon, sugar cane, barley, cereals, and animal products, respectively (Castellanos et al, 2016, Babak et al, 2017, Mohammad et al, 2018, Song and Chen, 2019, and Mourad et al, 2019 [25][26][27][28][29]. The water footprint studies in China have primarily calculated water footprints at the River Basin level, the provincial level, and the urban level, such as Deng (2014), Wang and Li (2016), Li (2017), and Feng (2018) that calculated and analyzed the water footprint of Shanghai and Chongqing, Weihe River Basin, the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Shanxi, and other places, respectively [30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Water Footprint Measurement and Its Influencing Factors (Nonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Study of the Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Water Footprint Benefit in China

Kan

Huang

2019

Sustainability

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How to enhance the water footprint benefit in conjunction with outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) is of great significance to reconcile the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. This paper examines the effect of OFDI on the water footprint benefit using system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) on a dynamic panel data. The results revealed that, in general, OFDI was not conducive to enhancing social, spatial, and environmental benefits of China’s water footprint, but was conducive for improving water footprint economic benefits. The results also showed that different types of OFDI exert differential effects on water footprint benefits. Specifically, the market-seeking and resource-seeking types of OFDI are not conducive for enhancing social and spatial benefits of China’s water footprint, but have improved (although not significantly) economic benefits of the water footprint. However, the market-seeking type of OFDI is conducive for improving environmental benefits of the water footprint, while the resource-seeking OFDI is not conducive for improving environmental benefits of the water footprint. In addition, the technology-seeking OFDI is conducive to the social, economic, spatial, and environmental benefits of China’s water footprint. Furthermore, the path-wise OFDI (investing in developing countries) is not conducive to enhancing social, spatial, and environmental benefits of China’s water footprint, but has improved (although not significantly) the economic benefits of China’s water footprint. On the other hand, the inverse OFDI (investing in developed countries) is conducive to China’s water footprint including its social, economic, spatial, and environmental benefits. The findings from this study have relevant policy implications and can help provide some policy prescriptions for an economy such as China to engage in OFDI and enhance water footprint benefits. For instance, in addition to expanding market-seeking and resource- seeking OFDI, China should actively increase the scale of technology-seeking OFDI. In addition, while continuing to expand path-wise OFDI, China should further increase the scale of inverse OFDI. By taking advantage of the complementary and synergetic effects of different types of OFDI, an economy can capture the whole effects of OFDI to reap the water footprint’s full social, economic, spatial, and environmental benefits.

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Section: Water Footprint Measurement and Its Influencing Factors (Nonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical Study of the Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Water Footprint Benefit in China

Kan

Huang

2019

Sustainability

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“…The water footprint of the poultry/broiler value chain in Egypt was assessed for the period 2011-2015 (current), and, through production and consumption scenarios, for 2030 and 2050, by calculating the water footprint of feed. This represents almost 99.7% of the total water footprint of the sector (Mourad et al, 2019). The current and future chicken meat demand was extracted from FAO (2017FAO ( , 2021.…”

Section: The Water Footprint Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current and future chicken meat demand was extracted from FAO (2017FAO ( , 2021. The feed demand of the broiler sector was estimated conservatively, assuming all the chicken is produced nationally and in commercial farming conditions, using a feed conversion factor of 1.7 (feed requirement in tons/ton body weight gain), a canal index of 0.72 (carcass tons/ ton live animal), and considering maize (60%) and soybean (35%) as the main feed ingredients (Hosny, 2006;Mourad et al, 2019). The ratio between domestic/import feed was estimated using trade balance from FAOSTAT (FAO, 2021) for the period 2013-2017 and the water footprint values of feed were assigned accordingly to their origin from Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011).…”

Section: The Water Footprint Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling the interplay between water and food systems in arid and semi-arid environments: the case of Egypt

et al. 2021

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Food system analysis in arid and semi-arid countries inevitably meets water availability as a major constraining food system driver. Many such countries are net food importers using food subsidy systems, as water resources do not allow national food self-sufficiency. As this leaves countries in a position of dependency on international markets, prices and export bans, it is imperative that every domestic drop of water is used efficiently. In addition, policies can be geared towards ‘water footprints’, where water use efficiency is not just evaluated at the field level but also at the level of trade and import/export. In this paper, Egyptian food systems are described based on production, distribution and consumption statistics, key drivers and food system outcomes, i.e., health, sustainable land and water use, and inclusiveness. This is done for three coarsely defined Egyptian food systems: traditional, transitional and modern. A water footprint analysis then shows that for four MENA countries, differences occur between national green and blue water volumes, and the volumes imported through imported foods. Egypt has by far the largest blue water volume, but on a per capita basis, other countries are even more water limited. Then for Egypt, the approach is applied to the wheat and poultry sectors. They show opportunities but also limitations when it comes to projected increased water and food needs in the future. An intervention strategy is proposed that looks into strategies to get more out of the food system components production, distribution and consumption. On top of that food subsidy policies as well as smart water footprint application may lead to a set of combined policies that may lead to synergies between the three food system outcomes, paving the way to desirable food system transformation pathways.

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“…There have been several studies concerning the influencing factors on water footprints. Scholars have studied the impact of climate change (Bocchiola et al, 2013) [1], policy change (Fulton et al, 2014) [2], human capital (Ali et al, 2016) [3], gross national income (Miglietta et al, 2017) [4], water harvesting technology (Mohammad et al, 2018) [5], agricultural expansion (Nouri et al, 2019) [6], and trade openness (Mourad et al, 2019) [7] on a country's water footprint. In the context of the Chinese economy, scholars have found that population factors [8], economic development levels (Zhao et al, 2014) [9], water-conservation technology (Zhi et al, 2014) [10], international trade (Yang et al, 2015) [11], inward and outward foreign direct investment (Zhang et al, 2015;Kan and Huang, 2019) [12,13], climatic conditions (Yang et al, 2016) [14], consumption levels [15], industrial structure (Xie et al, 2019) [16], water-use efficiency (Kan and Lv, 2019) [17], geographical location [18], and shale-gas development (Xu et al, 2019) [19] are important influencing factors on the water footprint.…”

Section: The Influencing Factors On Water Footprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Empirical Study of the Impact of Urbanization on Industry Water Footprint in China

Kan

Huang

2020

Sustainability

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How to advance new urbanization initiatives and reduce the water footprint of industries is one urgent issue about urbanization that needs to be resolved. Based on spatial dynamic panel data, we used the system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments) to study the impact of urbanization on the industrial water footprint. The results show that, overall, urbanization increases the industrial water footprint, industrial virtual water footprint, and industrial gray water footprint in China. There are sectoral and regional differences in the impact of urbanization. Specifically, urbanization reduces the agricultural water footprint and agricultural virtual water footprint but raises the agricultural gray water footprint. Urbanization increases the manufacturing water footprint, manufacturing virtual water footprint, and gray water footprint. Urbanization reduces the virtual water footprint of the service industry but increases the water footprint and gray water footprint in the service industry. At the regional level, urbanization increases the industrial water footprint and gray water footprint across the three major regions. In the eastern region, urbanization has little effect on increasing the industrial water footprint, and reduces the industrial virtual water footprint, whereas in the central and western regions urbanization increases the industrial virtual water footprint. In all three regions, urbanization reduces the agricultural water footprint, increases the manufacturing and service water footprints, reduces the virtual water footprints of agriculture and services, and increases the gray water footprint of agriculture, manufacturing, and services. In the eastern region, the reducing effect of urbanization is the greatest and the increasing effect of urbanization is the smallest. Additionally, in the eastern region, urbanization has reduced the virtual water footprint of manufacturing, whereas in the central and western regions urbanization has increased the virtual water footprint of manufacturing.Sustainability 2020, 12, 2263 157 consumption, and the per capita water consumption of 15 provinces was higher than the national 158 average. In terms of sectors, Xinjiang had the largest total agricultural water consumption, Beijing 159 had the least total agricultural water consumption, and the total agricultural water consumption of 160 14 provinces was higher than the national average level. Jiangsu had the largest total manufacturing 161 water consumption, Tibet had the least total manufacturing water consumption, and the total 162 manufacturing water consumption of 12 provinces was higher than the national average level. 163Guangdong had the largest total service water consumption, Tibet had the least total service water 164 consumption, and the total service water consumption of 14 provinces was higher than the national 165 average. 166

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New estimates of water footprint for animal products in fifteen countries of the Middle East and North Africa (2010–2016)

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

Empirical Study of the Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Water Footprint Benefit in China

Empirical Study of the Impact of Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Water Footprint Benefit in China

Unravelling the interplay between water and food systems in arid and semi-arid environments: the case of Egypt

An Empirical Study of the Impact of Urbanization on Industry Water Footprint in China

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