New environmental policy for system innovation: Casus alternatives for fossil motor fuels

Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances of a biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)

“…One of the methods that can be used to assess the environmental merits and demerits of a product is the life cycle assessment (LCA), which entails a complete evaluation and analysis of a product throughout its lifespan [3][4][5]. For instance, GHG emission and/or net energy requirement in biodiesel production is systematically quantified and compiled for every stage involved from the oilseeds plantation stage up to the combustion process of biodiesel to address issues on sustainability, climate change and global biodiversity [6]. The net energy balance is a primary factor to evaluate whether there is a loss or gain of energy for the biodiesel production.…”

Towards an Agent Based Framework for Modelling Smart Self-Sustainable Systems

“…These organizations include International Energy Agency [18] and European Union [19][20][21] for example.…”

Technological change of the energy innovation system: From oil-based to bio-based energy

“…Currently, the world attempts to be less dependent on oil-based energy. Many countries see bio-based energy as a possible (but not inevitable) alternative to minimise the impact of high oil prices on their economy [4,26]. The major technological transformation would bring about structural adjustments/changes in the economic setting of the energy innovation system which would be discussed in Section 4.…”