New enteroviruses, EV‐93 and EV‐94, associated with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Junttila, Nina; Lévêque, Nicolas; Kabue, Jean Pierre; Cartet, Gaëlle; Mushiya, Fidèle; Muyembe‐Tamfum, Jean‐Jacques; Trompette, Aurélien; Lina, Bruno; Magnius, Lars O.; Chomel, Jean-Jacques; Nordér, Helené

doi:10.1002/jmv.20825

Cited by 78 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Several other studies, using both classical and molecular methods, have detected EV, HPeV, SAFV and CoSV in faecal samples from AFP cases (Bingjun et al, 2008;Junttila et al, 2007;Kapoor et al, 2001;Oberste et al, 2006;Saeed et al, 2007). Most previous studies, including our own, used specific PCR assays to detect members of one or two genera (usually only Enterovirus), due to specificity, low cost and potential for high throughput, though some investigators are starting to use metagenomics methods to expand the range of viruses that can be detected , with limitations of higher per-sample cost and lower overall throughput.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia

Nix

Khetsuriani

Peñaranda

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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The family Picornaviridae is a large and diverse group of viruses that infect humans and animals. Picornaviruses are among the most common infections of humans and cause a wide spectrum of acute human disease. This study began as an investigation of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in a small area of eastern Bolivia, where surveillance had identified a persistently high AFP rate in children. Stools were collected and diagnostic studies ruled out poliovirus. We tested stool specimens from 51 AFP cases and 34 healthy household or community contacts collected during 2002–2003 using real-time and semi-nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for enterovirus, parechovirus, cardiovirus, kobuvirus, salivirus and cosavirus. Anecdotal reports suggested a temporal association with neurological disease in domestic pigs, so six porcine stools were also collected and tested with the same set of assays, with the addition of an assay for porcine teschovirus. A total of 126 picornaviruses were detected in 73 of 85 human individuals, consisting of 53 different picornavirus types encompassing five genera (all except Kobuvirus). All six porcine stools contained porcine and/or human picornaviruses. No single virus, or combination of viruses, specifically correlated with AFP; however, the study revealed a surprising complexity of enteric picornaviruses in a single community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia

Nix

Khetsuriani

Peñaranda

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

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“…The type identification and new enterovirus type assignments have therefore been based on the complete VP1 sequences for three of the four chimpanzee EVs characterized in the current study. By this means, it was possible to classify LM1677 as a strain of EV type 76, although showing at least 13% sequence divergence from currently described EV76 strains and branching basally in the VP1 tree, along with the only available subSaharan human EV76 isolate described to date (12) and the more divergent strains from China and Bangladesh (2,25). LM1861 showed greatest similarity to an enterovirus first described in 1963 after isolation from a cell culture derived from a vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EV76 (together with EV89, EV90, and EV91) was originally isolated from stool specimens obtained from patients presenting with acute flaccid paralysis in Bangladesh (25), although it has also been shown to circulate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (12). Both represent regions where interaction between human and primate populations is frequent and where conditions are favorable for transmission of viruses (11).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Genetic Characterization of Enteroviruses Circulating among Wild Populations of Chimpanzees in Cameroon: Relationship with Human and Simian Enteroviruses

Harvala

Sharp

Ngole

et al. 2011

J Virol

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Enteroviruses (EVs), members of the family Picornaviridae, are a genetically and antigenically diverse range of viruses causing acute infections in humans and several Old World monkey (OWM) species. Despite their known wide distribution in primates, nothing is currently known about the occurrence, frequency, and genetic diversity of enteroviruses infecting apes. To investigate this, 27 chimpanzee and 27 gorilla fecal samples collected from undisturbed jungle areas with minimal human contact in Cameroon were screened for EVs. Four chimpanzee samples were positive, but none of the gorilla samples were positive. Genetic characterization of the VP1, VP4, and partial VP2 genes, the 5 untranslated region, and partial 3Dpol sequences enabled chimpanzee-derived EVs to be identified as (i) the species A type, EV76, (ii) a new species D type assigned as EV111, along with a human isolate from the Democratic Republic of Congo previously described by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, and (iii) a new species B type (assigned as EV110) most closely related to, although a distinct type from, the SA5 isolate recovered from a vervet monkey. The identification of EVs infecting chimpanzees related to those circulating in human and OWM populations provides evidence for cross-species transmission of EVs between primates. However, the direction of transfer and the existence of primate sources of zoonotic enterovirus infections in humans require further investigation of population exposure and more extensive characterization of EVs circulating in wild ape populations.

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confidence: 99%

“…Virus strains escaping neutralization with PV-specific antisera were passaged once in L20B cells before molecular typing. The isolation and sequencing of viruses from stool samples has been described elsewhere (Junttila et al, 2007).Partial VP1 RT-PCR and sequencing. Viral RNA was extracted from 100 ml infected cell cultures with an RNeasy Total RNA kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

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Enterovirus 94, a proposed new serotype in human enterovirus species D

Smura

Junttila

Blomqvist

et al. 2007

Journal of General Virology

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The genus Enterovirus (family Picornaviridae) contains five species with strains isolated from humans: Human enterovirus A (HEV-A), HEV-B, HEV-C, HEV-D and Poliovirus. In this study, a proposed new serotype of HEV-D was characterized. Four virus strains were isolated from sewage in Egypt and one strain from acute flaccid paralysis cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The complete genome of one environmental isolate, the complete coding sequence of one clinical isolate and complete VP1 regions from the other isolates were sequenced. These isolates had 66.6-69.4 % nucleotide similarity and 74.7-76.6 % amino acid sequence similarity in the VP1 region with the closest enterovirus serotype, enterovirus 70 (EV70), suggesting that the isolates form a new enterovirus type, tentatively designated enterovirus 94 (EV94). Phylogenetic analyses including sequences of the 59 UTR, VP1 and 3D regions demonstrated that EV94 isolates formed a monophyletic group within the species HEV-D. No evidence of recombination was found between EV94 and the other HEV-D serotypes, EV68 and EV70. Further biological characterization showed that EV94 was acid stable and had a wide cell tropism in vitro. Attempts to prevent replication with protective antibodies to known enterovirus receptors (poliovirus receptor, vitronectin a v b 3 receptor and decay accelerating factor) were not successful. Seroprevalence studies in the Finnish population revealed a high prevalence of this virus over the past two decades. INTRODUCTIONThe genus Enterovirus (family Picornaviridae) contains a large group of human pathogens. Although the majority of enterovirus infections are subclinical, enterovirus infection can lead to a variety of acute and chronic diseases including mild upper respiratory illness, febrile rash, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis, pleurodynia, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), diabetes, myocarditis and neonatal sepsis-like disease (Pallansch & Roos, 2001). The primary site of enterovirus infection is the mucosal tissue of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. After spreading through the lymphatic system and circulation, the virus can infect secondary target tissues. The secondary replication sites largely define the clinical manifestations of a given enterovirus strain. In the intestinal mucosa, virus replication can continue for several weeks, during which time progeny virus is shed into faeces.The enterovirus genome is a single-stranded RNA molecule of approximately 7500 nt consisting of a single open reading frame flanked by non-coding 59 and 39 regions. The 59 UTR contains an internal ribosome-binding site, which is essential for translation initiation (Pelletier & Sonenberg, 1988;Molla et al., 1992;Chen & Sarnow, 1995). The 39 UTR forms highly conserved secondary and tertiary structures that are thought to be important in replication initiation (Pilipenko et al., 1992(Pilipenko et al., , 1996Mirmomeni et al., 1997). The open reading frame is translated into a single, large polypeptide, which is...

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New enteroviruses, EV‐93 and EV‐94, associated with acute flaccid paralysis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cited by 78 publications

References 31 publications

Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia

Diversity of picornaviruses in rural Bolivia

Detection and Genetic Characterization of Enteroviruses Circulating among Wild Populations of Chimpanzees in Cameroon: Relationship with Human and Simian Enteroviruses

Enterovirus 94, a proposed new serotype in human enterovirus species D

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