New endemic West Nile virus lineage 1a in northern Italy, July 2012

Barzon, Luisa; Pacenti, Monia; Franchin, Elisa; Lavezzo, Enrico; Martello, Thomas; Shaughnessy, Laura; Toppo, Stefano; Fiorin, Francesco; Marchiori, G.; Russo, Federico; Cattai, Margherita; Cusinato, Riccardo; Palù, Giorgio

doi:10.2807/ese.17.31.20231-en

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The combination of these factors explains the higher introduction risk as well as the more severe potential consequences of a virus introduction. It is worth noting that, besides the four considered viruses, these hotspots are consistent with recent emergences of arboviruses in the EU: bluetongue serotype 8 in Belgium and in the Netherlands [40], Schmallenberg virus in Germany and in the Netherlands [20], Usutu and West-Nile viruses in northern Italy [17,22,41], where recent laboratory results also suggest a possible circulation of JEV [42]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Since 2000, the European continent has faced a number of EID events caused by arboviruses, such as West Nile Virus (WNV) (lineage 1) in 2000 [13], Usutu virus in 2001 [14], WNV (lineage 2) in 2004 [15], bluetongue virus serotype 8 in 2006 [16] (as well as other BTV serotypes in the preceding years), Chikungunya in 2007 [17], Dengue in 2010 [18,19], and Schmallenberg virus in 2011 [20]. Some of these pathogen introductions have resulted in limited epidemics (Chikungunya, Dengue), other have given birth to large-scale epidemic waves (bluetongue serotype 8, Schmallenberg virus) [21]; some of these pathogens have become endemic in several parts of Europe (Usutu virus, WNV [22–24]). Pathogens are probably frequently introduced through the trade of live animals (or of products of animal origin) or through the arrival of infected arthropod vectors, most of these introductions being undetected [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Identification of Hotspots in the European Union for the Introduction of Four Zoonotic Arboviroses by Live Animal Trade

Durand¹,

Lecollinet²,

Beck³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Live animal trade is considered a major mode of introduction of viruses from enzootic foci into disease-free areas. Due to societal and behavioural changes, some wild animal species may nowadays be considered as pet species. The species diversity of animals involved in international trade is thus increasing. This could benefit pathogens that have a broad host range such as arboviruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction, in the European Union (EU), of four arboviruses that affect human and horses: Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. Importation data for a five-years period (2005-2009, extracted from the EU TRACES database), environmental data (used as a proxy for the presence of vectors) and horses and human population density data (impacting the occurrence of clinical cases) were combined to derive spatially explicit risk indicators for virus introduction and for the potential consequences of such introductions. Results showed the existence of hotspots where the introduction risk was the highest in Belgium, in the Netherlands and in the north of Italy. This risk was higher for Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) than for the three other diseases. It was mainly attributed to exotic pet species such as rodents, reptiles or cage birds, imported in small-sized containments from a wide variety of geographic origins. The increasing species and origin diversity of these animals may have in the future a strong impact on the risk of introduction of arboviruses in the EU.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Hotspots in the European Union for the Introduction of Four Zoonotic Arboviroses by Live Animal Trade

Durand¹,

Lecollinet²,

Beck³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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“…Within the 2008–2009 cluster from Italy, the 6 newly sequenced human strains exhibited a 0.14% mean nucleotide distance with the 2 strains isolated in the Emilia Romagna region in 2008 from magpies (Italy 15803/08 and Italy 15217/08) and 0.15% with the first human WNV strain isolated in Italy in 2009 (Italy/09) in the Veneto region ( 14 ), in the E and NS3/NS5 genomic regions. On the basis of NS3/NS5 sequences, all strains from Italy isolated during the 2008–2009 outbreaks showed the highest relatedness to Morocco/03, France/04, and Portugal/04 with 1.08%, 1.28%, and 1.45% mean nucleotide distance, respectively, whereas they show a mean nucleotide distance of 1.56% with Italy/98.…”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 96%

Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus Isolates, Italy, 2008–2009

Rossini

Carletti

Bordi

et al. 2011

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Although WNV is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that primarily cycles in birds, it occasionally infects humans. Recently, the incidence of WNV outbreaks in humans has increased, and the infections have resulted in severe disease (Hayes and Gubler, 2006;Murray et al, 2010b;Barzon et al, 2012). The purpose of this study was to explore the potential effect of synonymous codon usage bias in the beginning region of WNV and the tRNA concentrations for this region in the vector and dead-end host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of synonymous codon usage bias in the beginning region of West Nile virus

Ma¹,

Feng²,

Liu³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Adaptation in the overall codon usage pattern of West Nile virus (WNV) to that of two hosts was estimated based on the synonymous codon usage value (RSCU). Synonymous codon usage biases for the beginning coding sequence of this virus were also analyzed by calculating the usage fluctuation for each synonymous codon along the target region (the first 270 codon sites of the whole coding sequence of WNV). Adaptation of WNV to Anopheles gambiae regarding the overall codon usage revealed a mixture of synonymous codon usage patterns between this virus and its vector. Regarding the adaptation of WNV to its dead-end host and codon usage, although a mixture of overall codon usage patterns exists, the number of codons with reversed tendency codon usage is lower than that between the virus and its vector. In addition, some codons with low RSCU values for this virus are highly selected in the beginning translation region of WNV, while codons with low RSCU values in this region tend to pair with tRNAs present in low abundance in the host, suggesting that highly selected codons in a specific region in the beginning region of WNV are, to some degree, influenced by the corresponding low tRNA abundance of hosts to regulate the translation speed of the WNV polyprotein.

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New endemic West Nile virus lineage 1a in northern Italy, July 2012

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

Identification of Hotspots in the European Union for the Introduction of Four Zoonotic Arboviroses by Live Animal Trade

Identification of Hotspots in the European Union for the Introduction of Four Zoonotic Arboviroses by Live Animal Trade

Phylogenetic Analysis of West Nile Virus Isolates, Italy, 2008–2009

Characteristics of synonymous codon usage bias in the beginning region of West Nile virus

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