New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction

Galli, Paolo

doi:10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00118-9

Cited by 308 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…This portion of the Apennines is characterised by N-and NE-verging thrusts and folds, involving both the terrigeneous sedimentary cover and the carbonate Mesozoic sequences resulting from the late Oligocene-Quaternary compressional tectonic phases (i.e. Ghelardoni, 1965;Pieri and Groppi, 1981). The external fronts of the northern Apennines accretionary prism, namely from W to E, the Monferrato, Emilia, and Ferrara-Romagna arcs, are buried beneath a cover of Pliocene hemipelagites and turbidites, up to 2 km thick, and Pleistocene basin and alluvial sediments ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction phenomena associated with the Emilia earthquake sequence of May–June 2012 (Northern Italy)

Alessio¹,

Alfonsi²,

Brunori³

et al. 2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. In this paper we present the geological effects induced by the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence in the Po Plain. Extensive liquefaction phenomena were observed over an area of ~ 1200 km2 following the 20 May, ML 5.9 and 29 May, ML 5.8 mainshocks; both occurred on about E–W trending, S dipping blind thrust faults. We collected the coseismic geological evidence through field and aerial surveys, reports from local people and Web-based survey. On the basis of their morphologic and structural characteristics, we grouped the 1362 effects surveyed into three main categories: liquefaction (485), fractures with liquefaction (768), and fractures (109). We show that the quite uneven distribution of liquefaction effects, which appear concentrated and aligned, is mostly controlled by the presence of paleo-riverbeds, out-flow channels and fans of the main rivers crossing the area; these terrains are characterised by the pervasive presence of sandy layers in the uppermost 5 m, a local feature that, along with the presence of a high water table, greatly favours liquefaction. We also find that the maximum distance of observed liquefaction from the earthquake epicentre is ~ 30 km, in agreement with the regional empirical relations available for the Italian Peninsula. Finally, we observe that the contour of the liquefaction observations has an elongated shape almost coinciding with the aftershock area, the InSAR deformation area, and the I ≥ 6 EMS area. This observation confirms the control of the earthquake source on the liquefaction distribution, and provides useful hints in the characterisation of the seismogenic source responsible for historical and pre-historical liquefactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction phenomena associated with the Emilia earthquake sequence of May–June 2012 (Northern Italy)

Alessio¹,

Alfonsi²,

Brunori³

et al. 2013

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…Położenie epicentrum trzęsienia ziemi ma istotny wpływ na rozmieszczenie oraz intensywność procesów upłynnienia, a w związku z tym na występowa-nie deformacji. Maksymalna zaobserwowana i opisana w literaturze odległość od epicentrum wynosi 40 km, a minimalną magnitudę niezbęd-ną do powstania struktur deformacyjnych szacuje się na 4-5 (Ambraseys 1988;Papadopoulos, Lefkopoulos 1993;Galli 2000).…”

Section: Kryteria Identyfikacji Sejsmitówunclassified

“…2012). Epicentrum trzęsienia ziemi, które zapisało się w postaci deformacji sejsmicznych, mogło być zlokalizowane maksymalnie w odległości do kilkudziesięciu kilometrów od miejsca obserwacji sejsmitu (Ambraseys 1988;Papadopoulos, Lefkopoulos 1993;Obermeier 1996;Galli 2000;Owen, Moretti 2008;Owen i in. 2011).…”

Section: Rozpoznanie Budowy Geologicznej Podłoża Skalnegounclassified

W jaki sposób badać sejsmity? Przegląd metod badawczych

Belzyt

Pisarska‐Jamroży

2017

AGL

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Zarys treści. Propagacja, wywołanej trzęsieniem ziemi, fali sejsmicznej w uwodnionych nieskonsolidowanych osadach drobnoziarnistych powodować może ich upłynnienie. W efekcie tego procesu powstać mogą warstwy zawierające struktury deformacyjne zwane sejsmitami. Zaproponowanie sejsmicznej genezy warstw zdeformowanych opiera się na zastosowaniu kryteriów rozpoznawczych. W tym celu konieczne jest: (1) przeprowadzenie analizy litofacjalnej osadów występujących w analizowanym profilu; (2) szczegółowe opisanie: deformacji, z uwzględnieniem ich rozmieszczenia w profilu i w obrębie zdeformowanej ławicy, rozciągłości poziomej, zróżnicowania przestrzennego, geometrii, tekstury i struktury osadów zaangażowanych w deformacje, osadów otaczających oraz zmiany rozkładu przestrzennego struktur deformacyjnych przy wykorzystaniu ścięcia poziomego i ukośnego; (3) wytypowanie struktur, które mogły powstać w efekcie upłynnienia i porównanie ich ze współcześnie tworzącymi się deformacjami związanymi ze wstrząsami sejsmicznymi; (4) rozpoznanie budowy geologicznej podłoża skalnego, w tym m.in. opis aktywności uskoków; (5) dyskusja innych mechanizmów, które mogły odpowiadać za powstanie deformacji; (6) określenie czasu powstania struktur deformacyjnych. Słowa kluczowe: deformacje w osadach nieskonsolidowanych, paleosejsmologia, trzęsienia ziemiAbstract. Earthquake-triggered seismic wave propagation can induce liquefaction of water-saturated unconsolidated finegrained clastic sediments. As a result, layers with soft-sediment deformation structures called seismites can be formed. To propose a seismic origin of the layer, it should meet recognition criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to provide (1) a lithofacies analysis of the sediments in the studied section; (2) a detailed description of deformation structures including their position in the sedimentological log as well as within the deformed layer, lateral extent and continuity, geometry, texture and structure of both deformed and host sediments, spatial distribution and heterogenity of deformation structures in the plan view as well as an oblique view; (3) identification of structures that could have been formed during a liquefaction process and a comparison with those that recently occurred in tectonically active zones as an earthquake effect; (4) a subsurface geological structure recognition, particularly the presence and activity of faults; (5) discussion and elimination of all other possible triggers that could have caused sediment deformation; (6) estimation of the age of the deformation.

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“…Indeed we can pass from Westaway (1992), who claimed a M≤6.2 for the event by comparing the 1 m tsunami height of the event to that (8-12 m) produced by the nearby 1908 earthquake, to M s =6.8 suggested by Abe and Noguchi (1983) in their Catalog of revised magnitudes, to the value of M s =7.9 calculated by Duda (1965). To complete the reference frame of the energy released by the 1905 event we cite Galli (2000), who calculated a minimum M=7.38 on the base of indications of liquefaction features. Further studies about the 1905 event were provided by Fantucci and SorrisoValvo (1999), who found earthquake-induced growth anomalies in trees through dendro-geomorphological analysis, and by Tinti et al (2004), who associated to this event a tsunami intensity 3 (on a scale of 6 degrees) in the New Catalogue of Italian Tsunamis.…”

Section: Background On the 1905 Earthquakementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 and Table 1) where one or more observations of hydrological changes occurred following the earthquake (Mercalli, 1906;Rizzo, 1907;Galli, 2000). Most of the data concerned excess flow in streams and springs; less frequently, a flow decrease or spring disappearance was reported.…”

Section: Hydrological Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clues to the identification of a seismogenic source from environmental effects: the case of the 1905 Calabria (Southern Italy) earthquake

Tertulliani

Cucci

2009

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The 8 September 1905 Calabria (Southern Italy) earthquake belongs to a peculiar family of highly destructive (I 0 =XI) seismic events, occurred at the dawning of the instrumental seismology, for which the location, geometry and size of the causative source are still substantially unconstrained. During the century elapsed since the earthquake, previous Authors identified three different epicenters that are more than 50 km apart and proposed magnitudes ranging from M≤6.2 to M=7.9. Even larger uncertainties were found when the geometry of the earthquake source was estimated. In this study, we constrain the magnitude, location and kinematics of the 1905 earthquake through the analysis of the remarkable environmental effects produced by the event (117 reviewed observations at 73 different localities throughout Calabria). The data used in our analysis include ground effects (landslides, rock falls and lateral spreads) and hydrological changes (streamflow variations, liquefaction, rise of water temperature and turbidity). To better define the magnitude of the event we use a number of empirical relations between seismic source parameters and distribution of ground effects and hydrological changes. In order to provide constraints to the location of the event and to the geometry of the source, we reproduce the coseismic static strain associated with different possible 1905 causative faults and compare its pattern to the documented streamflow changes. From the analysis of the seismically-induced environmental changes we find that: 1) the 1905 earthquake had a minimum magnitude M=6.7; 2) the event occurred in an offshore area west of the epicenters proposed by the historical seismic Catalogs; 3) it most likely occurred along a 100 • N oriented normal fault with a left-lateral component, consistently with the seismotectonic setting of the area.

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New empirical relationships between magnitude and distance for liquefaction

Cited by 308 publications

References 6 publications

Liquefaction phenomena associated with the Emilia earthquake sequence of May–June 2012 (Northern Italy)

Liquefaction phenomena associated with the Emilia earthquake sequence of May–June 2012 (Northern Italy)

W jaki sposób badać sejsmity? Przegląd metod badawczych

Clues to the identification of a seismogenic source from environmental effects: the case of the 1905 Calabria (Southern Italy) earthquake

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