New Emission Factors for Calculation of Ammonia Volatilization From European Livestock Manure Management Systems

Sommer, Sven G.; Webb, J.; Hutchings, Nicholas J.

doi:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00101

Cited by 51 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Additional indirect N 2 O emissions from NH 3 volatilization in the cowshed were calculated according to Burgos et al (2010). The emission factor (EF) for NH 3 volatilization from grazing animals were based on a review analysis of Sommer et al (2019). Other gaseous N-emissions during manure application followed the methodology of the IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2006;Mogensen et al, 2014).…”

Section: Product Carbon Footprint (Pcf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Specialized or Integrated Systems in Northwest Europe: On-Farm Eco-Efficiency of Dairy Farming in Germany

Reinsch¹,

Loza²,

Malisch³

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Intensive confinement (IC) systems for dairying have become widespread during the last decades. However, potential advantages of alternative systems such as full-grazing (FG) or integrated dairy/cash-crop (IFG) systems with regards to better provision of ecosystem services are widely discussed. To investigate performance and environmental impacts, we compared four prevailing dairy systems using an on-farm research study. The farm types differed in their share of pasture access and quantity of resource inputs: (i) an IC with a high import of supplements and mineral fertilizers; (ii) a semi-confinement (SC) with daytime pasture access during summer and moderate import of supplementary feeds representing the base-line scenario; (iii) a FG based on grazed seeded grass-clover swards with no purchased N-fertilizers and low quantities of supplementary feeds; and (iv) an IFG comparable to FG but based on grass-clover leys integrated in a cash-crop rotation. Results revealed highest milk productivity (16 t energy-corrected-milk (ECM) ha−1) and farm-N-balance (230 kg N ha−1) in IC; however, the highest product carbon footprint (PCF; 1.2 CO2eq kg ECM−1) and highest N-footprint (13 g N kg ECM−1) were found in the baseline system SC. The FG and IFG revealed on average similar forage dry matter yields (10 – 11 t DM ha−1) at similar crude protein and net-energy-lactation ratios per kg DM-intake compared to the IC and SC. The PCF in FG were comparable to IC (0.9 vs. 1.1 kg CO2eq kg ECM−1) but at a lower N-footprint (9 vs. 12 g N kg ECM−1). However, despite low measured N-losses in the FG system, the farm-N-surplus was exceeded by 90 kg N ha−1. A further reduction was only possible in the IFG (50 kg N ha−1) by accounting for a potential N-carry-over from N-rich plant residues to the cash-crop unit, leading to the lowest PCF (0.6 kg CO2eq kg ECM−1) for the IFG, with still moderate milk yield levels (~10,500 kg ECM ha−1). According to this bottom-up approach based on field data, improved integrated grazing systems could provide an important opportunity to increase the ecosystem services from dairy farming, operating with land use efficiencies similar to IC.

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Section: Product Carbon Footprint (Pcf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Specialized or Integrated Systems in Northwest Europe: On-Farm Eco-Efficiency of Dairy Farming in Germany

Reinsch¹,

Loza²,

Malisch³

et al. 2021

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…As described in Smit et al (2020) [ 9 ], this could be due to within-field N cycling and high N returned to pastures by grazing animals, which provides the majority of N in the system. Taking N-losses from ammonia volatilization into account, which have been found to be between 5 and 20% in different studies [ 29 , 43 ], pasture systems play a role in mitigating N volatilization, and thus have the potential to improve on-farm N-cycling compared to confinement systems [ 44 ]. Moreover, pasture herbage at our study site is typically supplemented with concentrates of 4–6 kg cow −1 day −1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average daily DM intake of feed by cows was estimated according to the equation from Gruber et al (2004) [ 28 ], whereas differences of DM intake between the different treatments occurred due to the different potential milk yields from offered herbage in the prevailing pasture treatments. Indirect sources of GHG emissions as NH 3 volatilization from N ex during grazing were based on a review analysis of Sommer et al (2019) [ 29 ], where a factor of 0.65 for total ammonium N (TAN) was used. Additional N-leaching losses were calcualted according to the IPCC 2019 guidelines [ 30 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Impact of Rotationally Grazed Pastures at Different Management Intensities in South Africa

Smit

Reinsch

Swanepoel

et al. 2021

Animals

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Nitrogen fertilization, irrigation and concentrate feeding are important factors in rotational pasture management for dairy farms in South Africa. The extent to which these factors affect environmental efficiency is subject to current and intense debate among scientists. A three-year field study was conducted to investigate the yield response of different N-fertilizer treatments (0 (N0), 220 (N20), 440 (N40), 660 (N60) and 880 (N80) kg N ha−1 year−1) on grazed pastures and to calculate the carbon footprint (CF) of milk produced. Excessive N-fertilization (N60 and N80) did not increase herbage dry matter and energy yields from pastures. However, N80 indicated the highest N-yield but at the same time also the highest N surpluses at field level. A maximum fertilizer rate of 220 kg ha−1 year−1 (in addition to excreted N from grazing animals) appears sufficient to ensure adequate herbage yields (~20 t DM ha−1 year−1) with a slightly positive field-N-balance. This amount will prevent the depletion of soil C and N, with low N losses to the environment, where adequate milk yields of ~17 t ECM ha−1 with a low CF (~1.3 kg CO2 kg ECM−1) are reached. Methane from enteric fermentation (~49% ± 3.3) and N2O (~16% ± 3.2) emissions from irrigated pastures were the main contributors to the CF. A further CF reduction can be achieved by improved N-fertilization planning, low emission irrigation techniques and strategies to limit N2O emissions from pasture soils in South Africa.

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“…Currently, Environmental Resources Management (ERM) reference data are based on North Europe information, but it is well-known that N in manure may differ among European countries and locations [9][10][11]. Consequently, it is imperative to precisely describe N manure production under different climate scenarios and husbandry systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual Nitrogen Balance from Dairy Barns, Comparison between Cubicle and Compost-Bedded Pack Housing Systems in the Northeast of Spain

Fuertes

Seradj

Santaulària

et al. 2021

Animals

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The aim of this study was to determine N recovery and irreversible losses (i.e., through NH3-N volatilization) from manure in two different housing systems throughout a year using an N mass balance approach. Dietary, milk, and manure N were monitored together with outside temperatures in six dairy barns during six months, comprising two different seasons. Three barns were designed as conventional free stalls (cubicle, CUB) and the other three barns as compost-bedded packs (CB). All the barns were located in the Ebro’s valley, in the northeast of Spain. Mass N balance was performed simultaneously in the six barns, during two three-month periods (Season I and II) and sampling at a 15-day interval. Results of ANOVA analysis showed that annual N retained in manure (kg/head per year) from cows housed in CUB barns was significantly higher than in manure from cows housed in CB (133.5 vs. 70.9, p < 0.001), while the opposite was observed for N losses (26.9 vs. 84.8, for CUB and CB barn, respectively; p < 0.005). The annual mean proportion of irreversible N loss from manure in relation to N intake was much lower in barns using conventional free-stall cubicles than the mean ratio registered in bedded pack systems barns.

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New Emission Factors for Calculation of Ammonia Volatilization From European Livestock Manure Management Systems

Cited by 51 publications

References 36 publications

Toward Specialized or Integrated Systems in Northwest Europe: On-Farm Eco-Efficiency of Dairy Farming in Germany

Toward Specialized or Integrated Systems in Northwest Europe: On-Farm Eco-Efficiency of Dairy Farming in Germany

Environmental Impact of Rotationally Grazed Pastures at Different Management Intensities in South Africa

Annual Nitrogen Balance from Dairy Barns, Comparison between Cubicle and Compost-Bedded Pack Housing Systems in the Northeast of Spain

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