New Electropositive Filter for Concentrating Enteroviruses and Noroviruses from Large Volumes of Water

Abstract

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's information collection rule requires the use of 1MDS electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not costeffective for routine viral monitoring. In this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the NanoCeram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. Seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elution procedure. The mean percent retention of seeded polioviruses by NanoCeram filters was 84%. To optimize the elution procedure, six protocols, each comprising two successive elutions with various lengths of filter immersion, were evaluated. The highest virus recovery (77%) was obtained by immersing the filters in beef extract for 1 minute during the first elution and for 15 min during the second elution. The recovery efficiencies of poliovirus, coxsackievirus B5, and echovirus 7 from 100-liter samples of seeded tap water were 54%, 27%, and 32%, respectively. There was no significant difference in virus recovery from tap water with a pH range of 6 to 9.5 and a water flow rate range of 5.5 liters/min to 20 liters/min. Finally, poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters were compared to those by 1MDS filters, using tap water and Ohio River water. Poliovirus and Norwalk virus recoveries by NanoCeram filters from tap and river water were similar to or higher than those by the 1MDS filters. These data suggest that NanoCeram filters can be used as an inexpensive alternative to 1MDS filters for routine viral monitoring of water.

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

“…The 58% recovery from groundwater using the culture procedure is similar to that reported by others using tap water 23,24 . The mean recovery from the LFB samples of 111% with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 100% also met the method performance acceptance criteria even though they are higher than that observed for PE samples during the ICR.…”

Novel concentration method for the detection of norovirus and sapovirus from water using minute particles of amorphous calcium phosphate

“…In the present study, occasionally the virus recovery became more than 100 %. Other researchers have also reported .150 % recovery of viruses (Haramoto et al, 2009;Karim et al, 2009). The reason for this is not clear.…”

“…Cliver (1965) have reported the development of a membrane filtration method for concentrating enteroviruses. Other researchers further described modified or improved methods using several membrane filters (Beuret et al, 2002;Fuhrman et al, 2005;Gilgen et al, 1997;Haramoto et al, 2004Haramoto et al, , 2009Karim et al, 2009;Katayama et al, 2002;Preston et al, 1988;Shields et al, 1985;Sobsey & Jones, 1979;Sobsey & Glass, 1980, 1984. Combination methods with membrane filtration have also been developed: first using concentration by membrane filtration with an electropositively or electronegatively charged filter, followed by organic flocculation, polyethylene glycol precipitation or ultrafiltration for reconcentration after elution of the viruses from the virus-bound filter from the first step; and first using concentration by calcium flocculation-citrate dissolution (CFCD) method followed by ultrafiltration for the reconcentration (Katayama et al, 2002;Katzenelson et al, 1976;Lewis & Metcalf, 1988;Liu et al, 2007).…”

Polioviruses and other Enteroviruses

“…In addition, a new type of filtration media composed of highly electropositive nanoalumina (AlOOH) fibers (~2 nm in diameter by ~250 nm in length) and microglass is currently available for concentrating EVs and other enteric viruses from large volumes of water (Gibbons et al, 2010;Ikner et al, 2011;Karim et al, 2009;Li et al, 2010). NanoCeram cartridge filters combine the benefits of standard pleated filters and nanotechnology (Karim et al, 2009;Li et al, 2010).…”

“…Furthermore, these methods have been optimized for the simultaneous concentration of multiple microorganisms (e.g., enteric bacteria, protozoa, and viruses) from diverse water matrixes, including source and finished drinking water, tap water, surface water, and reclaimed water (Gibson and Schwab, 2011;Hill et al, 2007;Hill et al, 2005;Liu et al, 2012;Morales-Morales et al, 2003;Polaczyk et al, 2008). In addition, a new type of filtration media composed of highly electropositive nanoalumina (AlOOH) fibers (~2 nm in diameter by ~250 nm in length) and microglass is currently available for concentrating EVs and other enteric viruses from large volumes of water (Gibbons et al, 2010;Ikner et al, 2011;Karim et al, 2009;Li et al, 2010). NanoCeram cartridge filters combine the benefits of standard pleated filters and nanotechnology (Karim et al, 2009;Li et al, 2010).…”