New drugs and treatment for cryptosporidiosis

Smith, H. V.; Corcoran, G.D.

doi:10.1097/00001432-200412000-00008

Cited by 75 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Many drugs have been tested for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis, but the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved only nitazoxanide for use in humans (SMITH & CORCORAN, 2004;STRIEPEN, 2013). Although halofuginone has shown variable efficacy, an effective drug for the prophylaxis and treatment of animal cryptosporidiosis is still lacking (LINDSAY et al, 1987b;SHAHIDUZZAMAN & DAUGSCHIES, 2012).…”

Section: Treatment and Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium infections in birds - a review

Nakamura

Meireles

2015

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Cryptosporidiosis is one of the main protozoan infections in birds. It manifests as either a respiratory or a digestive illness, and it affects a very large number of avian species across several continents. The aim of this review is to report on the main results of studies on cryptosporidiosis among birds and the importance of these results to veterinary medicine and public health.Keywords: Cryptosporidium spp., wild birds, poultry. ResumoA criptosporidiose constitui-se em uma das principais infecções por protozoários em aves, manifestando-se como enfermidade respiratória ou digestiva, em dezenas de espécies aviárias, em vários continentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar, por meio de revisão de literatura, os principais resultados de estudos sobre criptosporidiose em aves e sua importância para a medicina veterinária e saúde pública.Palavras-chave: Cryptosporidium spp., aves selvagens, aves domésticas.

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Section: Treatment and Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium infections in birds - a review

Nakamura

Meireles

2015

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…However, the drugs paromomycin, azithromycin (218), and nitazoxanide (249) have been used to treat cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients and have been shown to reduce the parasite load. Resolution of cryptosporidiosis can be maintained with effective highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (191,218,242,292).…”

Section: Cryptosporidiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

et al. 2009

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SUMMARY Globally, the number of immunosuppressed people increases each year, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continuing to spread unabated in many parts of the world. Immunosuppression may also occur in malnourished persons, patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignancy, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Components of the immune system can be functionally or genetically abnormal as a result of acquired (e.g., caused by HIV infection, lymphoma, or high-dose steroids or other immunosuppressive medications) or congenital illnesses, with more than 120 congenital immunodeficiencies described to date that either affect humoral immunity or compromise T-cell function. All individuals affected by immunosuppression are at risk of infection by opportunistic parasites (such as the microsporidia) as well as those more commonly associated with gastrointestinal disease (such as Giardia). The outcome of infection by enteric protozoan parasites is dependent on absolute CD4+ cell counts, with lower counts being associated with more severe disease, more atypical disease, and a greater risk of disseminated disease. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge on the significance of enteric parasitic protozoa as a cause of disease in immunosuppressed persons and also provides guidance on recent advances in diagnosis and therapy for the control of these important parasites.

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“…Because efficacious chemotherapeutic treatment or vaccination regimens are not yet available for humans or animals [27], and because Cryptosporidium is resistant to common water treatments, such as chlorination [28][29][30], the control of cryptosporidiosis relies largely on prevention, diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance [13]. Central to the surveillance of human cryptosporidiosis are knowledge and understanding of the genetic make-up of Cryptosporidium populations [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical and cost‐effective mutation scanning‐based approach for investigating genetic variation in Cryptosporidium

Jex

Whipp²,

Campbell

et al. 2007

Electrophoresis

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In the present study, we used a mutation scanning-targeted sequencing approach to assess variation in part (pgp60) of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene among Cryptosporidium samples from humans in Victoria, Australia. Two nuclear ribosomal loci (the small subunit rRNA gene and the second internal transcribed spacer) were used to identify the samples as Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 74), Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 23) or Cryptosporidium meleagridis (n = 1). In total, nine distinct pgp60 sequences were identified (three C. hominis, five C. parvum and one C. meleagridis). Phylogenetic analyses of the pgp60 sequence data, employing well-defined reference sequences for comparison, allowed the genotypic and subgenotypic classification of samples. The C. hominis samples were classified as Ib A10G2R2, Id A15G1R2, and a new genotype, designated Ib2, was identified subgenotypically as A18G1R4. The C. parvum samples were classified as IIa A18G3R1, IIa A20G3R1, IIa A22G3R1, IIa A23G3R1 and IIc A5G3R2. These findings suggested that the C. hominis metapopulation is largely homogeneous, consisting of a single dominant genotype, Ib A10G2R2, whereas the C. parvum metapopulation is considerably more heterogeneous, with no single dominant genotype. The greater level of genetic heterogeneity found among the C. parvum samples, despite the smaller sample size, may relate to the zoonotic infection pattern of this species, which would be reflective of a greater number of possible infection sources. The present mutation scanning approach, coupled with targeted sequencing of genetically distinct representatives, is a practical, cost-effective tool for large-scale population genetic and epidemiological studies of Cryptosporidium and other eukaryotic organisms.

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New drugs and treatment for cryptosporidiosis

Cited by 75 publications

References 50 publications

Cryptosporidium infections in birds - a review

Cryptosporidium infections in birds - a review

Clinical Significance of Enteric Protozoa in the Immunosuppressed Human Population

A practical and cost‐effective mutation scanning‐based approach for investigating genetic variation in Cryptosporidium

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