New Disposable Electrochemical Paper‐based Microfluidic Device with Multiplexed Electrodes for Biomarkers Determination in Urine Sample

Abstract

A disposable electrochemical paper‐based analytical device was constructed based on use of sequential analysis with multiplexed working electrodes and applied for the determination of glucose, creatinine, and uric acid. The device was constructed with 16 microfluidic channels, with 16 working electrodes arranged in four set with four components surrounding the sample injection hole. In addition, a commercial multiplexing module was used, which allowed for multiplexing of the 16 working electrodes. This design allowed for radial and homogeneous sample elution to each sensing spot for high throughput analysis. In the multiplexed determinations, distinct electrochemical procedures were employed for each analyte. Furthermore, each working electrode spot was modified to increase the respective analytical signals. For glucose detection, the sensor was based on electron mediation by ferrocenecarboxylic acid over the modified surface with glucose oxidase. The principle for creatinine detection was based on electrochemical reduction of non‐complexed Fe3+ in excess after complex formation between Fe3+ and creatinine in the chemical step. The anodic peak current responses for uric acid detection increased due to working electrode surface modification with carbon black nanoparticles. In the multiplexed analysis, the device provided limits of detection of 0.120 mmol L−1, 0.084 mmol L−1, and 0.012 mmol L−1 for glucose, creatinine, and uric acid, respectively. The developed device was successfully applied in the analyses of real urine samples.

Lab-on-Paper Devices for Diagnosis of Human Diseases Using Urine Samples—A Review

“…The experimental results showed that the P-BPE-ECL system achieved LODs of 0.017 mM and 0.030 mM in PBS and artificial urine, respectively. In other recent studies [87,[94][95][96] lab-on-paper platforms were integrated with EC or ECL sensors to perform glucose detection in urine with LODs ranging from 0.35 mM to 3 × 10 −5 mM.…”

Recent Advances in Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices toward High-Throughput Screening

“…Fava et al revealed the fabrication of a disposable e-μPAD using an adhesive mask containing 8–16 channels that could provide a multiplexing capability with a low detection limit of 3 × 10 −5 mol L −1 for glucose detection in urine ( Figure 7 ) [ 137 ]. Additionally, Fava et al utilized 16 working electrodes on one e-μPAD for the multiplexed analyses of four biomarkers in real urine samples [ 138 ].…”

Multisensor Systems and Arrays for Medical Applications Employing Naturally-Occurring Compounds and Materials

“…This approach allowed the quantification of glucose, lactate and uric acid in concentrations up to 20, 25 and 10 mM, respectively; the analysis took two minutes. Glucose, creatinine, and uric acid levels were simultaneously measured in real urine samples by a disposable bioamperometric paper-based analytical device [ 122 ], which also demonstrated a great potential for various medical applications. Urine analysis can be useful not only for the diagnostic or wellbeing needs; urine screening for narcotic drugs and their metabolites, performed by electrochemical systems, was also reported in the literature.…”