“…Similarly, reproductive technologies reveal the instability of conventional kinship structures and assumptions about blood and biology. While traditional kinship studies viewed heterosexual procreation as the foundation of kinship (Schneider, 1984), thereby excluding LGBTQ kinship configurations (Hayden, 1995: 43), the ‘new’ kinship studies (see, for example, Franklin, 1997; Franklin and McKinnon, 2000, 2001; Franklin and Ragone, 1998; Strathern, 1992) recognize that the kinship implications of blood/nature/biology versus affinity/choice/love, formerly viewed as distinct and hierarchical, are embedded in historical, social and cultural relations and are, in fact, unstable and open to reconfiguration. Queer studies of kinship (see Freeman, 2008; Hayden, 1995; Lewin, 1993; Luce, 2002; Mamo, 2007; Weston, 1991, 1998a, 1998b) move away from foundational biological arguments, suggesting instead that kinship can be about dependence, vulnerability, relationality, futurity, sexuality and choice.…”