New dimensions in vaccinology: A new insight

Abstract

The development of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases has been one of the most important contributions of biomedical sciences. Increasing understanding in biochemistry, molecular biology, molecular genetics and related fields have provided an opportunity for the development of new generation vaccines that are based on rational design approaches. This is possible because of proper understanding of the microbial-genetics, biochemistry, host-pathogen interaction and recent developments in molecular immunology. Another important improvement made in the quality of vaccine production is the incorporation of immunomodulators or adjuvants with modified delivery vehicles viz liposomes, Iscoms and microspheres apart from alum being used as a gold standard. This article reviews the art of vaccination from Jenner period to present day context highlighting all the developments made at each stage of the vaccine development. Various cdteda have been discussed regarding the selection of epitopes that expand B & T cells, its linkage with other accessory cells of the immune system, means to overcome MHC linked immune unresponsiveness, enhanced antigen processing and presentations that specially induce either helper or cytotoxic or mucosal immune responses were critically discussed.

Biological technique used as alternative method in the vaccine potency assays: in - house sandwich ELISA for Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus

“…One of the greatest contributions of biomedical sciences has been the vaccines development to prevent infectious diseases (TOMAR & al, 2005 [1]). The history of vaccines began in 1796, when the pioneer of smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner (1749-1823) demonstrated the protective effect of the cowpox virus against the smallpox virus infection in humans (BAXBY, 1999 [2]).…”

“…The history of vaccines began in 1796, when the pioneer of smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner (1749-1823) demonstrated the protective effect of the cowpox virus against the smallpox virus infection in humans (BAXBY, 1999 [2]). Initially, empirical vaccines (derived from killed pathogenic organism) were used, but the development of biological sciences (e.g., biochemistry, cell culture technology, immunology, molecular biology, molecular genetics) led to a new generation of vaccines, safer and immunogenic, that are based on scientific design approaches (TOMAR & al, 2005 [1]; PLOTKIN, 2014 [3]). In the same way, the vaccine potency assays evolved from the expensive and laborious in vivo assays (e.g., immunization of dozens of animals) to the inexpensive and simple modern analytical tools (e.g., immunochemical methods) (VERCH & al, 2018 [4]).…”