New Development in Cellulose Technology

Multifunctional Cellulose Beads and Their Interaction with Gram Positive Bacteria

“…Cellulose beads (CB) are versatile well-defined objects obtained by dissolution of cellulose fibers (or a derivative, which is then converted into cellulose) in a suitable solvent and subsequent regeneration of the same in a nonsolvent bath, acquiring spherical forms with diameters ranging from 10 μm up to millimeter scale. − The reactive hydroxyl groups of cellulose beads allow a fine-tuning of chemical properties through a wide range of chemical modifications by the insertion of specific functional groups or interactions with target compounds or ions . For instance, the oxidation of hydroxyl groups by optimized reactions with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- N -oxyl (TEMPO) yields cellulose beads rich in carboxyl groups, ,, which serve as effective and selective adsorbents for heavy metal ions adsorption, for example, silver, copper, and lead. , Similarly, cationic cellulose powders were used as adsorbents to selectively retain arsenic(V) and chromium(VI) from water. , On the other hand, biocide agents can also be incorporated to cellulose beads either covalently or by adsorption.…”

A guide to lignin valorization in biorefineries: traditional, recent, and forthcoming approaches to convert raw lignocellulose into valuable materials and chemicals

“…39 In view of the residual presence of lignin and hemicellulose in the pulp, mechanical pulping results in higher pulp yields compared to chemical or physicochemical pulping methods. 71 However, a partial damaging of cellulose bers cannot be avoided during the grinding process, and the obtained pulps possess a lower strength, as well as a higher tendency to gain a yellow color with time (due to the presence of lignin). 71,72 In bioreneries, the main goal of mechanical pretreatments is the reduction of the particle size and crystallinity of lignocellulosic biomass, to enhance the enzymatic accessibility of cellulose, thus more intense milling can be applied compared to what is done for pulping.…”

“…71 However, a partial damaging of cellulose bers cannot be avoided during the grinding process, and the obtained pulps possess a lower strength, as well as a higher tendency to gain a yellow color with time (due to the presence of lignin). 71,72 In bioreneries, the main goal of mechanical pretreatments is the reduction of the particle size and crystallinity of lignocellulosic biomass, to enhance the enzymatic accessibility of cellulose, thus more intense milling can be applied compared to what is done for pulping. Previous works reported a substantial increase of (hemi)cellulose digestibility (yields of monosaccharides up to 80-90%) upon the application of ball milling to herbaceous and woody biomass.…”