New data on the phylogeography and genetic diversity of the brown bear Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 of Northeastern Eurasia (mtDNA control region polymorphism analysis)

Salomashkina, V. V.; Холодова, М. В.; Tuten’kov, O. Yu.; Moskvitina, N. S.; Erokhin, N. G.

doi:10.1134/s1062359014010087

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The 3 subclades within 3b bears, including 3b1 in Altai, 3b2 in the Sayan, Buteeliin nuruu, Khentii, and Ikh Khingan mountain ranges, and 3b3 in eastern Hokkaido did not have strong statistical support, but they were also identified in our network analysis. A previous study found a few bears with 2 new haplotypes (H_337 and T_12) in southern Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk Krai in Russia [72], which is ~300–400 km from our sampled populations in the Sayan and Khentii mountains. These 2 haplotypes clustered into the subclade 3b2 in our dataset, which also infers historic genetic connectivity between these populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Several authors [69, 70] have proposed that the Carpathian Mountains was a refuge of ancient 3a1 brown bears, which expanded into Central Europe 54 kya. Other studies have suggested that populations in Asia, especially the Altai-Sayan region, may have been one of the glacial refugia of 3a1 bears during the global cooling period (Kindler et al 2014) of the late Pleistocene 44–54 kya [56, 71, 72]. We found 1 individual from the Sayan Mountain Range (500Br45Khu) with a private haplotype (CR_Hap19); the rest of the 3a1 bears (n = 13) came from Buteeliin nuruu and Khentii (CR_Hap8, CR_Hap16, CR_Hap25, and COII_Hap4), which are only 100–200 kilometers from the Sayan Mountain Range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia

Tumendemberel

Zedrosser

Proctor³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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Knowledge of genetic diversity and population structure is critical for conservation and management planning at the population level within a species’ range. Many brown bear populations in Central Asia are small and geographically isolated, yet their phylogeographic relationships, genetic diversity, and contemporary connectivity are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we collected brown bear samples from the Gobi Desert (n = 2360), Altai, Sayan, Khentii, and Ikh Khyangan mountains of Mongolia (n = 79), and Deosai National Park in the Himalayan Mountain Range of Pakistan (n = 5) and generated 927 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data and genotypes at 13 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. We documented high levels of mtDNA and nDNA diversity in the brown bear populations of northern Mongolia (Altai, Sayan, Buteeliin nuruu and Khentii), but substantially lower diversity in brown bear populations in the Gobi Desert and Himalayas of Pakistan. We detected 3 brown bear mtDNA phylogeographic groups among bears of the region, with clade 3a1 in Sayan, Khentii, and Buteeliin nuruu mountains, clade 3b in Altai, Sayan, Buteeliin nuruu, Khentii, and Ikh Khyangan, and clade 6 in Gobi and Pakistan. Our results also clarified the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times with other brown bear mtDNA clades around the world. The nDNA genetic structure analyses revealed distinctiveness of Gobi bears and different population subdivisions compared to mtDNA results. For example, genetic distance for nDNA microsatellite loci between the bears in Gobi and Altai (F ST = 0.147) was less than that of the Gobi and Pakistan (F ST = 0.308) suggesting more recent male-mediated nuclear gene flow between Gobi and Altai than between Gobi and the Pakistan bears. Our results provide valuable information for conservation and management of bears in this understudied region of Central Asia and highlight the need for special protection and additional research on Gobi brown bears.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia

Tumendemberel

Zedrosser

Proctor³

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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“…Subclade 3a1 extends from Fennoscandia to East Asia, and into North America (Keis et al., ; Korsten et al., ; Murtskhvaladze, Gavashelishvili, & Tarkhnishvili, ; Saarma & Kojola, ; Waits, Talbot, Ward, & Shields, ). Other clades in Asia appear geographically rather confined: clade 3a2 to central Hokkaido, 3b to eastern Hokkaido, the Russian Far East and southern Siberia (Tomsk region), clade 4 to southern Hokkaido, and clade 5 to Tibet (Guskov, Sheremeteva, Seredkin, & Kryukov, ; Hirata et al., ; Salomashkina, Kholodova, Tutenkov, Moskvitina, & Erokhin, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large‐scale migrations of brown bears in Eurasia and to North America during the Late Pleistocene

Anijalg

Davison

et al. 2017

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene had major impacts on populations of plant and animal species. Brown bears and other large mammals are likely to have experienced analogous ecological pressures and phylogeographical processes. Here, we address several unresolved issues regarding the Late Pleistocene demography of brown bears: (1) the putative locations of refugia; (2) the direction of migrations across Eurasia and into North America; and (3) parallels with the demographic histories of other wild mammals and modern humans. Location Eurasia and North America. Methods We sequenced 110 complete mitochondrial genomes from Eurasian brown bears and combined these with published sequences from 138 brown bears and 33 polar bears. We used a Bayesian approach to obtain a joint estimate of the phylogeny and evolutionary divergence times. The inferred mutation rate was compared with estimates obtained using two additional methods. Results Bayesian phylogenetic analysis identified seven clades of brown bears, with most individuals belonging to a very large Holarctic clade. Bears from the widespread clade 3a1, which has a distribution from Europe across Asia to Alaska, shared a common ancestor about 45,000 years ago. Main conclusions We suggest that the Altai‐Sayan region and Beringia were important Late Pleistocene refuge areas for brown bears and propose large‐scale migration scenarios for bears in Eurasia and to North America. We also argue that brown bears and modern humans experienced a demographic standstill in Beringia before colonizing North America.

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“…and northern Mongolia and Siberian Russia were a continuous large population that shared similar matrilineal mtDNA haplotypes belonging to clade 3a1, which is also the most widely distributed subclade throughout Eurasia, Russian Far East, Sakhalin Island in Russia and western Alaska (Anijalg et al, 2018;Hirata et al, 2013;Keis et al, 2013;Miller et al, 2006). However, a recent mtDNA study that used additional samples from Central Asia showed a split between northern Mongolia and Siberian Russia and eastern Europe based on 3b and 3a1 haplogroups, respectively (Salomashkina et al, 2014;Tumendemberel et al, 2019), which is consistent with our ge- (Tumendemberel et al, 2019). In the southern range, the Gobi and Himalayan brown bears are monophyletic sister groups that share a common lineage.…”

Section: Our Nuclear Snps Phylogenetic Results Indicated That All Northmentioning

confidence: 98%

Range‐wide evolutionary relationships and historical demography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) revealed by whole‐genome sequencing of isolated central Asian populations

Tumendemberel,

Hendricks,

Hohenlohe

et al. 2023

Molecular Ecology

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Phylogeographic studies uncover hidden pathways of divergence and inform conservation. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) have one of the broadest distributions of all land mammals, ranging from Eurasia to North America, and are an important model for evolutionary studies. Although several whole genomes were available for individuals from North America, Europe and Asia, limited whole‐genome data were available from Central Asia, including the highly imperilled brown bears in the Gobi Desert. To fill this knowledge gap, we sequenced whole genomes from nine Asian brown bears from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, Northern Mongolia and the Himalayas of Pakistan. We combined these data with published brown bear sequences from Europe, Asia and North America, as well as other bear species. Our goals were to determine the evolutionary relationships among brown bear populations worldwide, their genetic diversity and their historical demography. Our analyses revealed five major lineages of brown bears based on a filtered set of 684,081 single nucleotide polymorphisms. We found distinct evolutionary lineages of brown bears in the Gobi, Himalayas, northern Mongolia, Europe and North America. The lowest level of genetic diversity and the highest level of inbreeding were found in Pakistan, the Gobi Desert and Central Italy. Furthermore, the effective population size (Ne) for all brown bears decreased over the last 70,000 years. Our results confirm the genetic distinctiveness and ancient lineage of brown bear subspecies in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and the Himalayas of Pakistan and highlight their importance for conservation.

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New data on the phylogeography and genetic diversity of the brown bear Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 of Northeastern Eurasia (mtDNA control region polymorphism analysis)

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia

Phylogeography, genetic diversity, and connectivity of brown bear populations in Central Asia

Large‐scale migrations of brown bears in Eurasia and to North America during the Late Pleistocene

Range‐wide evolutionary relationships and historical demography of brown bears (Ursus arctos) revealed by whole‐genome sequencing of isolated central Asian populations

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