New classes of tough composite materials—Lessons from natural rigid biological systems

Mayer, G.

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2005.08.031

Cited by 96 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Viscoelastic reversible behavior was observed and attributed to unfolding and refolding protein domains similar to those in silkworm and spider silks. A large-scale model composite confirmed the importance of the viscoelastic and resilient phase between the platelets [89]. The deformation of the sheets of the organic matrix between growing nacre platelets was studied by nanoindentation measurements [47].…”

Section: Energy-dissipating Mechanism Of the Organic Phasementioning

confidence: 85%

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The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

Kakisawa

Sumitomo²

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

139

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The structure and the toughening mechanism of nacre have been the subject of intensive research over the last 30 years. This interest originates from nacre's excellent combination of strength, stiffness and toughness, despite its high, for a biological material, volume fraction of inorganic phase, typically 95%. Owing to the improvement of nanoscale measurement and observation techniques, significant progress has been made during the last decade in understanding the mechanical properties of nacre. The structure, microscopic deformation behavior and toughening mechanism on the order of nanometers have been investigated, and the importance of hierarchical structure in nacre has been recognized. This research has led to the fabrication of multilayer composites and films inspired by nacre with a layer thickness below 1 µm. Some of these materials reproduce the inorganic/organic interaction and hierarchical structure beyond mere morphology mimicking. In the first part of this review, we focus on the hierarchical architecture, macroscopic and microscopic deformation and fracture behavior, as well as toughening mechanisms in nacre. Then we summarize recent progress in the fabrication of materials inspired by nacre taking into consideration its mechanical properties.

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Section: Energy-dissipating Mechanism Of the Organic Phasementioning

confidence: 85%

“…The advantages of segmented, i.e. brick and mortar structure over the continuous layer structure have been demonstrated in a large-scale model composite [89]. Figure 7 shows the single-edged notch specimen of a hydrated nacre sample in tension.…”

Section: Submicrometer Interaction Of Plateletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

Kakisawa

Sumitomo²

2011

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

139

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“…Srinivasan [4] 1991 Biomimetics: Advancing man-made materials through guidance from nature Mann [35] 1993 Crystallization at inorganic-organic interfaces: Biominerals and biomimetic synthesis Kamat [36] 2000 Structural basis for the fracture toughness of the shell of the conch Strombus gigas Whitesides [37] 2002 Organic materials science Mayer [38] 2002 Rigid biological composite materials: Structural examples for biomimetic design Altman [39] 2003 Silk-based biomaterials Wegst [17] 2004 The mechanical efficiency of natural materials Mayer [40] 2005 Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites Sanchez [41] 2005 Biomimetism and bioinspiration as tools for the design of innovative materials and systems Wilt [42] 2005 Developmental biology meets materials science: Morphogenesis of biomineralized structures Meyers [43] 2006 Structural biological composites: An overview Mayer [44] 2006 New classes of tough composite materials -Lessons from nature rigid biological systems Lee [45] 2007 Nanobiomechanics Approaches to Study Human Diseases that, on their turn, curl into helicoids of alternating directions. These, the osteons, are the basic building blocks of bones.…”

Section: Authormentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

Meyers

Chen

Lin

et al. 2008

Progress in Materials Science

2,126

1,129

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Most natural (or biological) materials are complex composites whose mechanical properties are often outstanding, considering the weak constituents from which they are assembled. These complex structures, which have risen from hundreds of million years of evolution, are inspiring Materials Scientists in the design of novel materials.Their defining characteristics, hierarchy, multifunctionality, and self-healing capability, are illustrated. Self-organization is also a fundamental feature of many biological materials and the manner by which the structures are assembled from the molecular level up. The basic building blocks are described, starting with the 20 amino acids and proceeding to polypeptides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides-saccharides. These, on their turn, compose the basic proteins, which are the primary constituents of 'soft tissues' and are also present in most biominerals. There are over 1000 proteins, and we describe only the principal ones, with emphasis on collagen, chitin, keratin, and elastin. The 'hard' phases are primarily strengthened by minerals, which nucleate and grow in a biomediated environment that determines the size, shape and distribution of individual crystals. The most important mineral phases are discussed: hydroxyapatite, silica, and aragonite.Using the classification of Wegst and Ashby, the principal mechanical characteristics and structures of biological ceramics, polymer composites, elastomers, and cellular materials are presented. Selected systems in each class are described with emphasis on the relationship between their structure and mechanical response. A fifth class is added to this: functional biological materials, which have a structure developed for a specific function: adhesion, optical properties, etc.An outgrowth of this effort is the search for bioinspired materials and structures. Traditional approaches focus on design methodologies of biological materials using conventional synthetic 0079-6425/$ -see front matter Ó

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“…A large number of monolithic ceramic composites constituted by ceramic matrices with dispersed second phases of different shapes have been developed and have constituted the basis of further developments. In particular, there is nowadays a great effort to design and fabricate ceramic materials following the so called biomimetic approach, which consists in fabricating hierarchical structures through artificial methods mimicking natural bio-structures, which in most of the cases present a failure behaviour that significantly overcome that of the individual components (26)(27). In this sense, anisotropic materials on a macroscopic level have been developed (7,(28)(29)(30)(31)(32).…”

Section: Toughening Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comportamiento mecánico de materiales cerámicos estructurales

Bueno¹,

Baudı́n²

2007

Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidr.

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The use of ceramic materials in structural applications is limited by the lack of reliability associated with brittle fracture behaviour. In order to extend the structural use of ceramics, the design of microstructures which exhibit flaw tolerance due to toughening mechanisms which produce an increase in crack growth resistance during crack propagation has been proposed. This work is a review of the mechanical behaviour of structural ceramic materials and its characterisation. Firstly, the basic brittle fracture parameters and the statistical criteria to determine the probability of exceeding the safety factors demanded for a particular application are analysed. Then, the toughening mechanisms which can be developed in the materials through microstructural design as well as the mechanical characterisation of toughened ceramics are discussed. The experimental values of linear elastic fracture toughness parameters (critical stress intensity factor, K IC , and critical energy release rate, G IC ) are not intrinsic properties for toughened materials and depend on crack length and the loading system. In this work, the different mechanical parameters proposed to characterise such materials are reviewed. The following fracture parameters are analysed: work of fracture (γ WOF ), critical J-integral value (J IC ) and R-curve. For the determination, stable fracture tests are proposed in order to ensure that the energy provided during the test is no more than the necessary one for crack propagation.Keywords: Microstructure, Strength, Weibull modulus, Fracture toughness, Toughening mechanisms. Comportamiento mecánico de materiales cerámicos estructuralesEl uso de los materiales cerámicos en aplicaciones estructurales está limitado por la falta de fiabilidad asociada a su comportamiento frágil durante la fractura. Para extender su aplicación se ha propuesto el diseño de microestructuras que presenten tolerancia a los defectos debido a la actuación de mecanismos de refuerzo. Este trabajo es una puesta al día sobre el estudio del comportamiento mecánico de los materiales cerámicos estructurales y su caracterización. En primer lugar, se revisan los parámetros de fractura utilizados para caracterizar materiales frágiles y los criterios de control estadístico que permiten determinar la probabilidad de que se sobrepasen los factores de seguridad exigidos en cada aplicación. A continuación, se discuten los mecanismos de refuerzo que se pueden desarrollar en los materiales cerámicos a través del diseño microestructural. En los materiales cerámicos en los que la actuación de mecanismos de refuerzo conduce a un comportamiento significativamente distinto del puramente frágil, los parámetros derivados del tratamiento lineal elástico (factor crítico de intensidad de tensiones, K IC , y tasa crítica de liberación de energía, G IC ), determinados experimentalmente, dejan de ser propiedades intrínsecas del material, independientes del tamaño de grieta y el sistema de carga. El presente trabajo revisa los parámetros mecánicos propuestos para...

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New classes of tough composite materials—Lessons from natural rigid biological systems

Cited by 96 publications

References 8 publications

The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

The toughening mechanism of nacre and structural materials inspired by nacre

Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties

Comportamiento mecánico de materiales cerámicos estructurales

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