New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America

Atal, Juan Pablo; Ñopo, Hugo; Winder, Natalia

doi:10.2139/ssrn.1815933

Cited by 87 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…Studies suggest that the composition effect of changes in education would have had an unequalizing effect, more than compensated by the reduction of returns to schooling (Lustig, Lopez-Calva & Ortiz-Juarez , 2013;Cornia, 2012). On the other hand, studies addressing gender and ethnic wage gaps in the region (for instance : Atal, Ñopo & Winder, 2009) adopt rather a cross-sectional approach, making it impossible to assess changes in the last decade. This pervasive reduction in wage gaps (between men/women; whites/blacks; formal/informal workers; rural/urban workers) seems to be well documented only in Brazil.…”

Section: The Reduction Of Earnings Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Brazil – A Parenthesis in History or the Road Ahead?

Paiva

2016

Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

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Between 1992 and 2013, and especially since 2003, Brazil experienced an unprecedented reduction in poverty and income inequality, a process common to several Latin American countries. The objective of this study is to identify the drivers of the social changes that we observed along this period in Brazil, in comparison with other Latin American countries, and to discuss the prospects for the near future. Aspects such as the demographic transition, the reduction in earnings inequality, the country's sustained economic growth and a set of employment and social policies are relevant to understand the process of reduction in overall poverty and inequality over the last two decades in Brazil. Although demographic changes should continue to play an important role towards poverty reduction in the future, the recent economic downturn puts a question mark over future prospects, at least in the short term. Job creation has already been overtaken by increasing unemployment rates, tax revenues are falling and the resulting fiscal crisis will limit any increase in expenditures with social policies. In the short-term, the country will face the challenge of staying its course regarding the reduction of poverty and inequality in light of a much more adverse economic scenario.

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Section: The Reduction Of Earnings Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Brazil – A Parenthesis in History or the Road Ahead?

Paiva

2016

Iberoamericana – Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

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“…In Latin America, the gender pay gap is much higher for indigenous women. 44 Although narrower, gender pay gaps also persist in high-income countries. In the UK for example, women are paid less than men in 90 percent of sectors 45 and in Canada, the pay gap for women in full-time work widened between 2009 and 2011.…”

Section: The Economy Is Not Working For Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Economy that Works for Women: Achieving women’s economic empowerment in an increasingly unequal world

Rhodes¹,

Parvez²,

Harvey³

2017

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Clockwise from top left: Margaret Mumbua, a domestic worker in Nairobi, Kenya washes clothes (photo: Allan Gichigi/Oxfam); A woman works in a garment factory in Hanoi, Vietnam (photo: Eleanor Farmer/Oxfam); A woman speaks at an event in Morocco held to encourage women's political participation (photo: Ellie Kealey/Oxfam); Flonira Mukamana works on her tree tomato plantation in Musanze District, Rwanda (photo: Aurelie Marrier d'Unienville/Oxfam). AN ECONOMY THAT WORKS FOR WOMEN Achieving women's economic empowerment in an increasingly unequal worldWomen's economic empowerment could reduce poverty for everyone. In order to achieve it, we need to first fix the current broken economic model which is undermining gender equality and causing extreme economic inequality. The neoliberal model has made it harder for women to have better quality and better paid jobs, address inequality in unpaid care work, and women's influence and decision making power is constrained. To achieve women's economic empowerment, we need a human economy that works for women and men alike, and for everyone, not just the richest 1%. Women's economic empowerment requires the creation of decent, quality work opportunities with fair pay, and an increase in women's decision making power.2 It is vital for fulfilling women's rights, reducing poverty and achieving broader development goals. To end extreme poverty will take much more than just money. But gender inequality in the economy costs women in developing countries $9 trillion a year 3 -a sum which would not only benefit women but would unleash new spending power across communities and provide a massive boost to the economy as a whole.However, progress in making women equal to men in the economy is painfully slow, and women are still more likely than men to live in poverty. 4 Across the world, women consistently earn less than men and are concentrated in the lowest-paid and least secure forms of work. 5 Globally, the average gender pay gap is 23 percent 6 and 700 million fewer women than men are in paid work. 7 The World Economic Forum has warned that instead of improving in 2016, gender inequality in the economy reverted to where it stood in 2008. 8 At the current rate of progress, it will take 170 years for women and men to be employed at the same rates, paid the same for equal work, and have the same levels of seniority. 9 Clearly, a structural change is needed.Evidence shows that although gender equality supports economic growth, not all economic growth supports gender equality. 10 Our current economic model is

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“…Ethnic and racial discrimination in labor markets, as manifested in wage and occupational attainment gaps, has been widely examined (e.g., Altonji and Blank 1999;Antecol and Bedard 2004;Atal et al 2009). In India too, labor market discrimination against historically disadvantaged caste groups, i.e., the former untouchables (Scheduled Castes or SCs) and marginalized tribal groups (Scheduled Tribes or STs), is well documented, with SCs and STs earning significantly lower wages and being allocated to less prestigious jobs as compared to upper castes, after controlling for their productive characteristics (Banerjee and Knight 1985;Madheswaran and Attewell 2007;Das and Dutta 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disadvantage and discrimination in self-employment: caste gaps in earnings in Indian small businesses

Deshpande

Sharma

2015

Small Bus Econ

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Using the 2004-2005 India Human Development Survey data, we estimate and decompose the earnings of household businesses owned by historically marginalized social groups known as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (SCSTs) and non-SCSTs across the earnings distribution. We find clear differences in characteristics between the two types of businesses with the former faring significantly worse. The mean decomposition reveals that as much as 55 % of the caste earnings gap could be attributed to the unexplained component. Quantile regressions suggest that gaps are higher at lower deciles, providing some evidence of a sticky floor. Finally, quantile decompositions reveal that the unexplained component is greater at the lower and middle deciles than higher, suggesting that SCST-owned businesses at the lower and middle end of the conditional earnings distribution face greater discrimination.

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New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America

Cited by 87 publications

References 75 publications

Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Brazil – A Parenthesis in History or the Road Ahead?

Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Brazil – A Parenthesis in History or the Road Ahead?

An Economy that Works for Women: Achieving women’s economic empowerment in an increasingly unequal world

Disadvantage and discrimination in self-employment: caste gaps in earnings in Indian small businesses

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