New cell motility model observed in parasitic cnidarian Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) blood stages in fish

Hartigan, Ashlie; Estensoro, Itziar; Vancová, Marie; Bílý, Tomáš; Patra, Sneha; Eszterbauer, Edit; Holzer, Astrid S.

doi:10.1038/srep39093

Cited by 25 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…For the spherosporids, these developmental stages also proliferate in blood, they are extrasporogonic stages, which are in a “schizogonic phase” in the blood, where they greatly increase in number. These stages are easily observable in blood smears, thereby the cell-organisation of several different type of blood stages belonging to various Sphaerospora species have been well documented [ 33 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility-related differences in the quantity of developmental stages of Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa) in fish blood

et al. 2018

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Here, we investigated the early development of two closely related myxozoan parasites, the highly pathogenic Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of the whirling disease in salmonids, and Myxobolus pseudodispar, a common, non-pathogenic parasite of cyprinids. The aim of our study was to examine under in vivo laboratory conditions whether fish blood is involved in the intrapiscine development of the two parasite species and investigate if there is dissimilarity between the parasite infection intensity in blood and if it varies in terms of host susceptibility and parasite pathogenicity. Highly susceptible, less susceptible and non-susceptible hosts were involved. Blood samples were taken 1 day, 1 week and 1 month post exposure to M. cerebralis and M. pseudodispar, respectively. The prevalence and infection intensity was estimated by parasite-specific quantitative real-time PCR. Although previous findings assumed that M. cerebralis might escape from host immune system by migrating via peripheral nerves, our experimental results demonstrated that M. cerebralis is present in blood during the early stage of intrapiscine development. For the non-pathogenic M. pseudodispar, the highest infection prevalence was found in the original host, common roach Rutilus rutilus, whereas the highest infection intensity was detected in rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus, a “dead-end” host of the parasite. The presence of M. pseudodispar developmental stages in the blood of both susceptible and non-susceptible cyprinids suggests that the susceptibility differences remain hidden during the early stage of infection. Our findings supply further evidence that host specificity is not determined during the early, intrapiscine development involving the vascular system. Furthermore, we found remarkable differences in the infection dynamics of the two parasite species examined, possibly due to their distinct pathogenicity or variations in adaptive capabilities to immune components in host blood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility-related differences in the quantity of developmental stages of Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa) in fish blood

et al. 2018

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“…Parasitic taxa are likely to have a faster rate of molecular evolution in order to win the "arms race" against their hosts (e.g., Bromham, Cowman, & Lanfear, 2013;Paterson et al, 2010). The rate heterogeneity across genes within the Myxozoa can be as high as that between myxozoans and other organisms (Hartigan et al, 2016; this study), and mitochondrial gene order and organization is highly variable (Takeuchi et al, 2015;Yahalomi et al, 2017), indicating a considerably accelerated rate of molecular evolution, possibly the fastest known among eukaryotes.…”

Section: Diversification Rate and Lineages Through Timementioning

confidence: 99%

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

et al. 2018

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The relationships between parasites and their hosts are intimate, dynamic and complex; the evolution of one is inevitably linked to the other. Despite multiple origins of parasitism in the Cnidaria, only parasites belonging to the Myxozoa are characterized by a complex life cycle, alternating between fish and invertebrate hosts, as well as by high species diversity. This inspired us to examine the history of adaptive radiations in myxozoans and their hosts by determining the degree of congruence between their phylogenies and by timing the emergence of myxozoan lineages in relation to their hosts. Recent genomic analyses suggested a common origin of Polypodium hydriforme, a cnidarian parasite of acipenseriform fishes, and the Myxozoa, and proposed fish as original hosts for both sister lineages. We demonstrate that the Myxozoa emerged long before fish populated Earth and that phylogenetic congruence with their invertebrate hosts is evident down to the most basal branches of the tree, indicating bryozoans and annelids as original hosts and challenging previous evolutionary hypotheses. We provide evidence that, following invertebrate invasion, fish hosts were acquired multiple times, leading to parallel cospeciation patterns in all major phylogenetic lineages. We identify the acquisition of vertebrate hosts that facilitate alternative transmission and dispersion strategies as reason for the distinct success of the Myxozoa, and identify massive host specification-linked parasite diversification events. The results of this study transform our understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism in the most basal metazoan parasites known.

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“…The biodiversity of these parasites is remarkable and a result of host-associated cospeciation [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Developmental stages of myxozoans are motile during invasion, migration, and proliferation due to cellular processes that enable unique cell motility [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Myxozoans affect the health of both farmed and wild fish populations, causing diseases and mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Serine Protease Inhibitors in Myxozoan (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) Fish Parasites

et al. 2020

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We studied the genetic variability of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) of Myxozoa, microscopic endoparasites of fish. Myxozoans affect the health of both farmed and wild fish populations, causing diseases and mortalities. Despite their global impact, no effective protection exists against these parasites. Serpins were reported as important factors for host invasion and immune evasion, and as promising targets for the development of antiparasitic therapies. For the first time, we identified and aligned serpin sequences from high throughput sequencing datasets of ten myxozoan species, and analyzed 146 serpins from this parasite group together with those of other taxa phylogenetically, to explore their relationship and origins. High intra- and interspecific variability was detected among the examined serpins. The average sequence identity was 25–30% only. The conserved domains (i.e., motif and signature) showed taxon-level differences. Serpins clustered according to taxonomy rather than to serpin types, and myxozoan serpins seemed to be highly divergent from that of other taxa. None of them clustered with their closest relative free-living cnidarians. The genetic distinction of myxozoan serpins further strengthens the idea of an independent origin of Myxozoa, and may indicate novel protein functions potentially related to parasitism in this animal group.

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New cell motility model observed in parasitic cnidarian Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa:Myxosporea) blood stages in fish

Cited by 25 publications

References 59 publications

Susceptibility-related differences in the quantity of developmental stages of Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa) in fish blood

Susceptibility-related differences in the quantity of developmental stages of Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa) in fish blood

The joint evolution of the Myxozoa and their alternate hosts: A cnidarian recipe for success and vast biodiversity

Genetic Diversity of Serine Protease Inhibitors in Myxozoan (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) Fish Parasites

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