“…Finally, this paper is also closely related to the literature on online sales mode choice under competition. Existing literature focuses on supplier competition (e.g., Hagiu & Wright, 2015; Zennyo, 2020; Zhong & Shen, 2021), platform competition (e.g., Abhishek et al, 2016; Liu, Guo, et al, 2021), product competition (e.g., Li et al, 2021; Zhang & Hou, 2022) and channel competition (e.g., Chen et al, 2022; Ha et al, 2021; Yu et al, 2020). For instance, Chen et al (2022) study the sales mode choice of a manufacturer that sells products through the direct channel and the e‐commerce platform.…”