New Aspects of Fennel Cultivation in France

Desmarest, P.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.1978.73.36

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Omidbaigi and Hornolk (1992) reported that inorganic N-fertilization of bitter fennel increased essential oil yield, though there was not a significant effect on the constituents of the oil. Desmarest (1978) reported that high N-fertilization decreased anethole content. Similarly, Wander and Bouwmeester (1998) in their study on dill (Anethum graveolens L.) found that the yield of carvone varied inversely with N-rate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fennel is a long photoperiod plant (Peterson et al, 1993;Atta-Aly, 2001) and in Greece blooming starts in late May and lasts till mid-June, and the majority of umbels are ripe after mid-July. In 2000, harvest was on July 26 for the Greek and Turkish cultivars, and on August 17 for the Bulgarian cultivar, as the life cycle of bitter fennel is longer than the sweet (Desmarest, 1978). In 2001, the Greek and Turkish cultivars were harvested on July 25, and the Bulgarian cultivar on August 8.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Field Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Fennel Cultivars for Essential Oil Yield and Composition

Chatzopoulou

Koutsos

Katsiotis³

2006

Journal of Vegetable Science

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Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an important aromatic plant mainly used in beverages in Greece, in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, and in confectionaries. There is a need to know which cultivar and N-fertility rate are the most appropriate for a high essential oil content of good quality. Three cultivars, two of sweet fennel from Greece and Turkey, and one bitter fennel from Bulgaria, were evaluated for their essential oil yield and quality under three levels of nitrogen (60, 80 and 100 kgиha -1 ). Essential oils yield ranged from 2.35 to 9.58%, and percentages of the main constituents: anethole (64.30-82.30%), L-fenchone (0.90-20.60%), methyl chavicol (2.60-4.00%) and limonene (3.30-7.20%) varied significantly among the cultivars. Essential oil yield and composition were affected by cultivar, but not by nitrogen rate. The sweet cultivar from Greece yielded higher amounts of essential oil; the cultivar from Turkey had higher amounts of anethole than did the bitter cultivar from Bulgaria, though L-fenchone was higher Paschalina S. Chatzopoulou

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Materials and Field Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Fennel Cultivars for Essential Oil Yield and Composition

Chatzopoulou

Koutsos

Katsiotis³

2006

Journal of Vegetable Science

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“…Trials by Desmarest (1978) to determine the optimum stand density for fennel examined densities between 6 and 120 plants/m 2 and found no significant differences between densities of 6, 12, and 24 plants/m 2 for total plant weight, umbel fresh weight or yield of trans-anethole per hectare. In Tasmania, the recommended planting density for commercial crops is 10 to 12 plants/m 2 (Hart, 1987;Peterson, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It is grown commercially in Tasmania, to be steam-distilled for its essential oil. Although oil is produced throughout the plant, 60% is produced in the fruits and 15% in the pedicels, i.e., 75% is produced by the generative or floral canopy (Desmarest, 1978;Peterson, 1990). Trans-anethole, the most valuable component of fennel oil, is produced at highest concentrations in the oil of the fruits (Hunault et al, 1989;Paupardin et al, 1990).…”

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Reducing Fennel Stand Density Increases Pollen Production, Improving Potential for Pollination and Subsequent Oil Yield

Falzari¹,

Menary²,

Dragar³

2005

HortSci

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Fruit set is a key component of essential oil yield from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under Tasmanian conditions. Fruit set in commercial crops is often low, possibly due to incomplete pollination. Fennel flowers are strongly protandrous and a series of flowers must be produced to ensure pollination. The hypothesis tested was that decreasing stand density increases the number of lateral branches, thereby increasing the number of higher order umbels and thus increasing the overlap between the periods of pollen production and stigma receptivity. A field trial was used to examine the number of umbels of each order produced under stand densities of 4, 12, 25, 50 and 100 plants/m2. Stand density influenced the ratio of pollen producing to pollen receptive umbels and stand densities of 50 and 100 plants/m2 showed a distinct imbalance between pollen production and stigma receptivity. The data collected supported the hypothesis and it is probable that, in commercial crops, fruit set is being reduced by a lack of synchrony between pollen production and stigma receptivity. The highest stand density tested reduced total oil production. We therefore recommend the inclusion of low stand-density strips within standard-density commercial crops.

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“…In Tasmania, often only the generative canopy is harvested, thereby reducing the cost of transport to the distillation unit. Somewhat higher oil yields per unit area are achieved by forage harvesting the whole plant, but net returns are reduced by the much higher transport and distillation costs (Desmarest, 1978;Földesi and Hornok, 1992;Peterson, 1990). Maximization of returns to growers is therefore achieved by channelling plant resources into the generative canopy and avoiding wasteful production of excess vegetative material.…”

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confidence: 99%

Optimum Stand Density for Maximum Essential Oil Yield in Commercial Fennel Crops

Falzari¹,

Menary²,

Dragar³

2006

HortSci

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Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is grown commercially in Tasmania for the production of a steam-distilled essential oil, which is high in trans-anethole. Often, only the generative canopy is harvested since this contains the bulk of the oil and further this oil is higher in anethole than oil from other parts of the plant. Regardless of whether the whole crop is forage harvested or the generative canopy alone is removed using a combine-harvester, the most efficient oil production occurs when the greatest proportion of the canopy is generative, giving maximum oil yield from a minimum of fresh weight to be processed. A trial was conducted to examine the relationship between stand density and the various yield components of fennel in order to predict the likely effect on yield of increasing stem density as the short term perennial crop matures. As for most crops, planting density and biomass yield are closely related and the optimum planting density was predicted using a mathematical model. The results suggest that an initial stand density of 10 to 12 plants/m2, in a square layout, would produce the greatest yield of essential oil per unit area by maximising the production of the generative canopy. This density also maximises the yield of oil relative to the weight of material to be distilled.

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New Aspects of Fennel Cultivation in France

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Study of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Fennel Cultivars for Essential Oil Yield and Composition

Study of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on Fennel Cultivars for Essential Oil Yield and Composition

Reducing Fennel Stand Density Increases Pollen Production, Improving Potential for Pollination and Subsequent Oil Yield

Optimum Stand Density for Maximum Essential Oil Yield in Commercial Fennel Crops

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