New approximation for pdf of K‐ distribution: analytical study of QoS parameters in free space optical communication

GMSK Demodulation Combining 1D‐CNN and Bi‐LSTM Network Over Strong Solar Wind Turbulence Channel

“…Generally, the KL divergence is used to measure the difference degree of between two distributions, and its mathematical expression is defined as follows (Singh et al., 2018). $$${D}_{KL}\left({p}_{x}(x)\Vert {q}_{x}(x)\right)=\int \nolimits_{0}^{\infty }{p}_{x}(x)\mathrm{ln}\left({p}_{x}(x)/{q}_{x}(x)\right)dx$$$ where $${p}_{x}(x)$$ is the PDF of the exact distribution, and $${q}_{x}(x)$$ is approximate PDF.…”

“…Generally, the KL divergence is used to measure the difference degree of between two distributions, and its mathematical expression is defined as follows (Singh et al, 2018).…”

Exact distributions for bit error rate and channel capacity in free‐space optical communication

“…The signal dependent BER in the above mentioned modulation schemes can be expressed in a unifying manner as [27]…”

“…As a consequence of the stochastic nature of the optical signal, these quantities behave as random variables. Typically, investigation involving these measures remains restricted only to their respective averages (first moments) [4,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. However, since the full information concerning a random variable is encoded in its distribution, the average values may not capture the true behaviour of these metrics.…”