New approach to the ecotoxicological risk assessment of artificial outdoor sporting grounds

Krüger, Oliver; Kalbe, Ute; Richter, Ernst-Jürgen; Egeler, Philipp; Römbke, Jörg; Berger, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.024

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The different materials presented some common elements, such as C and Si (silicates), used in rubbers as filler systems to increase abrasion resistance and in tires to increase rolling resistance and wet skid properties, and also Ca (limestone or calcium carbonate), Mg (talc or magnesium silicate), and Al (kaolin clay or hydrous aluminum silicate and mica or potassium aluminum silicate), used as additional filler systems (Rodgers and Waddell 2013;Pavilonis et al 2014). In the TPE and SBR granulates, the percentage of S, used as vulcanization agent, is of 0.1 and 1,3%, respectively; in the SBR granulates, about 1% of Zn is present as vulcanization activator (Verschoor 2007;Wik and Dave 2009;Krüger et al 2012Krüger et al , 2013Schilirò et al 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical and physical stress

Canepari

Castellano

Astolfi

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The chemical and morphological characteristics of materials released under chemical and physical stress by different rubber granulates used as infill materials in synthetic turf (recycled scrap tires, natural rubber, and a new-generation thermoplastic elastomer) were compared.The headspace solid-phase micro-extraction GC-MS analysis evidenced that at 70 °C natural rubber and thermoplastic elastomer release amounts of organic species much higher than recycled scrap tires. In particular, the desorption of mineral oils, with a prevalence of toxicologically relevant low-viscosity alkanes in the range C17-C22, and plasticizers (diisobutyl phthalate) was clearly evidenced. The new-generation thermoplastic elastomer material also releases butylated hydroxytoluene.In slightly acidic conditions, quite high amounts of bio-accessible Zn, Cu, and Co are released from recycled scrap tires, while natural rubber releases mainly Se and Tl. In contrast, the thermoplastic elastomer does not contain significant concentrations of leachable heavy metals.The formation of small particles, also in the inhalable fraction, was evidenced by electron microscopy after mechanical or thermal treatment of natural rubber.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical and physical stress

Canepari

Castellano

Astolfi

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…They concluded that no direct adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems are expected if only eluates with a maximum dilution of 1:1 cause 50% of the effect. Comparative analysis with leachates obtained from column tests, which are suggested to better reproduce field conditions, generally showed lower or no ecotoxic effects, compared with eluates obtained from batch tests [ 62 ].…”

Section: Ecotoxicity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparative analysis with leachates obtained from column tests, which are suggested to better reproduce field conditions, generally showed lower or no ecotoxic effects, compared with eluates obtained from batch tests [ 62 ].…”

Section: Ecotoxicity Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances

et al. 2018

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Construction products are in contact with water (e.g., rain, seepage water) during their service lifetime and may release potentially harmful compounds by leaching processes. Monitoring studies showed that compounds attributed to construction products are found in storm water and the receiving bodies of water and that the release of biocides in urban areas can be comparable to the input of pesticides from agricultural uses. Therefore, a prospective risk assessment of such products is necessary. Laboratory leaching tests have been developed by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 351 and are ready to use. One major task in the future will be the evaluation of the leaching test results, as concentrations found in laboratory experiments are not directly comparable to the field situations. Another task will be the selection of compounds to be considered for construction products, which are often a complex mixture and contain additives, pigments, stabilization agents, etc. The formulations of the products may serve as a starting point, but total content is a poor predictor for leachability, and analysis of the eluates is necessary. In some cases, non-targeted approaches might be required to identify compounds in the eluates. In the identification process, plausibility checks referring to available information should be included. Ecotoxicological tests are a complementary method to test eluates, and the combined effects of all compounds—including degradation products—are included. A bio test battery has been applied in a round robin test and was published in a guidance document. Published studies on the ecotoxicity of construction products show the tests’ suitability to distinguish between products with small and larger effects on the environment.

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“…Literature presents information from a risk assessment related to the surrounding air over pitches of artificial grass made of recycled rubber, and the risk of cancer was found to be 1*10 6 [11]. However, to date not much information has been gained as to the ecological and toxicological consequences arising from the use of artificial turf [5,6,[9][10][11][12]. The main part of studies in this respect is focused on an assessment of the ecotoxicity of rubber used for tyres.…”

Section: Artificial Grass Base -General Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The degree of flammability for an artificial grass surface system

Kukfisz

2018

E3S Web Conf.

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Abstract. The paper presents a general overview of sport and floor lining products, such as artificial grass, which are used in residential premises and public utility buildings, as well as the hazards which ensue from the use of synthetic grass [1]. An outline was made of the requirements for the fire safety of civil engineering structures arising from their designation and usage type. The results were presented from studies conducted on four samples of synthetic grass with the main ingredients being polyethylene and polypropylene. An appraisal method was determined for flammable properties and flame spread on a horizontal sample subjected to a heat radiation flux gradient in a research chamber pursuant to PN EN ISO 9239-1 [25] applicable for all types of floors. Based on the estimated value of critical heat radiation flux (KSP) below 3 kW/m 2 and in addition to the flammability of products directly subjected to a flame according to PN EN ISO 11925-2 [27], a study was made of the suitability of selected samples of artificial grass by their categorisation to class Efl -i.e. easily flammable products. The classification of artificial grass selected for the needs of the studies, which has been verified in practice, and designated for use as decoration for gazebos, balconies, terraces and public utility facilities is only admissible in residential premises of type ZL IV.

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New approach to the ecotoxicological risk assessment of artificial outdoor sporting grounds

Cited by 29 publications

References 18 publications

Release of particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical and physical stress

Release of particles, organic compounds, and metals from crumb rubber used in synthetic turf under chemical and physical stress

Evaluation of the impact of construction products on the environment by leaching of possibly hazardous substances

The degree of flammability for an artificial grass surface system

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