New approach to investigate Common Variable Immunodeficiency patients using spectrochemical analysis of blood

Abstract

Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease, characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections and various complications. The clinical heterogeneity of CVID has hindered identification of an underlying immune defect; diagnosis relies on clinical judgement, alongside evidence-based criteria. The lack of pathognomonic clinical or laboratory features leads to average diagnostic delays of 5 years or more from the onset. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have recently gained increasing clinical importance, being rapid-, non-invasive and inexpensive methods to obtain information on the content of biological samples. This has led us to apply FTIR spectroscopy to the investigation of blood samples from a cohort of CVID patients; revealing spectral features capable of stratifying CVID patients from healthy controls with sensitivities and specificities of 97% and 93%, respectively for serum, and 94% and 95%, respectively for plasma. Furthermore we identified several discriminating spectral biomarkers; wavenumbers in regions indicative of nucleic acids (984 cm −1 , 1053 cm −1 , 1084 cm −1 , 1115 cm −1 , 1528 cm −1 , 1639 cm −1 ), and a collagen-associated biomarker (1528 cm −1 ), which may represent future candidate biomarkers and provide new knowledge on the aetiology of CVID. This proof-of-concept study provides a basis for developing a novel diagnostic tool for CVID.

Patients With Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) Show Higher Gut Bacterial Diversity and Levels of Low-Abundance Genes Than the Healthy Housemates

“…CVID patients showed decreased levels of adenosine and inosine, two metabolites of purine metabolism, which are important anti-inflammatory signal molecules modulating the immune response (64,65). A decreased level of "purine-like" molecules was previously detected in blood of CVID patients (66). We also observed a decreased abundance of purine-related pathways in the CVID metagenome (Table S5), which indicates not only agreement between metagenome and metabolome data, but also microbiome-related alteration in purinergic signaling in the CVID phenotype.…”

Noninvasive Spectroscopic Detection of Blood Glucose and Analysis of Clinical Research Status

“…Noninvasive spectroscopic detection of blood glucose can achieve realtime and safe blood glucose concentration monitoring without the use of any consumables, reducing the cost of each measurement and reducing environmental pollution. At the same time, it is more easily accepted by people, so as to improve the frequency of blood glucose detection of patients and achieve more refined management of blood glucose concentration [7]. Noninvasive spectroscopic detection of blood glucose is a hotspot in current research, which has the following research significance:…”

A review of applications of Raman spectroscopy in immunology

“…Diagnosis of CVID can take up to five years or more because of the lack of pathognomonic clinical or laboratory features. Recently FTIR has revealed spectral features capable of stratifying CVID patients from healthy controls with sensitivities and specificities of 97% and 93%, respectively for serum, and 94% and 95%, respectively for plasma [6]. In this study discriminating spectral biomarkers were observed in regions indicative of nucleic acids and a collagen-associated biomarker.…”