New approach into human health risk assessment associated with heavy metals in surface water and groundwater using Monte Carlo Method

Abstract

This study assessed the environmental and health risks associated with heavy metals in the water resources of Egypt's northwestern desert. The current approaches included the Spearman correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis to identify pollution sources and quality-controlling factors. Various indices (HPI, MI, HQ, HI, and CR) were applied to evaluate environmental and human health risks. Additionally, the Monte Carlo method was employed for probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment via oral and dermal exposure routes in adults and children. Notably, all water resources exhibited high pollution risks with HPI and MI values exceeding permissible limits (HPI > 100 and MI > 6), respectively. Furthermore, HI oral values indicated significant non-carcinogenic risks to both adults and children, while dermal contact posed a high risk to 19.4% of samples for adults and 77.6% of samples for children (HI > 1). Most water samples exhibited CR values exceeding 1 × 10–4 for Cd, Cr, and Pb, suggesting vulnerability to carcinogenic effects in both age groups. Monte Carlo simulations reinforced these findings, indicating a significant carcinogenic impact on children and adults. Consequently, comprehensive water treatment measures are urgently needed to mitigate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks in Siwa Oasis.

Employing Machine Learning Approaches and Multivariate Analysis to Assess Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in the Mornag Plain, Tunisia

“…The calculated CAI-1 and CAI-2 show that the majority of groundwater samples exhibit positive values (Fig. 4e), which may highlight the impact of cation exchange between bivalent cations (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) in the host rock and monovalent cations (Na + and K + ) in the groundwater (Al-Mashreki et al, 2023;Eid et al, 2024bEid et al, , 2024aFlores et al, 2023;Wu et al, 2015)…”

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and air quality risks associated with gold mining operations in Egypt using geochemical modeling and risk indices

“…Conversely, values exceeding 1 suggest an increased potential risk, especially when approaching or surpassing the value of 1. The HI provides a comprehensive approach to assessing health risks associated with exposure to mixtures of harmful substances in gold production projects [ 9 , 36 ]. HI (C 1 / TLV 1 ) + (C 2 / TLV 2 ) + (C 3 / TLV 3 ) + … ….…”

“…Factors such as recharge, aquifer compounds, residence time, leaching, mineral dissolution, and ion exchange contribute to the geochemical characteristics of groundwater [ 3 , 4 ]. Systematic groundwater assessment employing imitative techniques, including Piper trilinear diagram, Chadha diagram, and Gibbs diagram [ [5] , [6] , [7] ], provides insights into water quality control [ [8] , [9] , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] ].…”

“…Water quality is assessed through physicochemical parameters representing groundwater characteristics, and various geochemical models (saturation index, evaporation, and mixing models) are employed for this purpose [ [8] , [9] , [10] , 14 ]. Water quality criteria are contingent on natural conditions and may vary over time and across regions.…”

Validation of modified electrode surfaces as Sensitive Analytical Tools in Soil Analysis; Detection of Total Concentration of Zn (II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II)/Cu (I) along with Handling Complicated Sample Matrices

“…Probably the greatest problem is that heavy metals have the potential to remain unchanged for long periods, as they have long half-lives [5]. They also bio-accumulate, in 2 both the abiotic environment and in living organisms, causing numerous diseases, such as neurological disorders, cancer, and even death [6]. Their presence is widespread on land and sea, as well as in the air, water, and soil.…”